Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and clinical information among the three subgroups.
| Item | Cryptogenic
group n = 13 |
Paraneoplastic
group n = 5 |
Viral encephalitis-related
group n = 6 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 21 (17–29) | 23 (18–25) | 31 (16–50) | 0.906 |
| Female | 2/13 | 5/5 | 1/6 | 0.002 |
| Psychiatric symptoms | 12/13 | 5/5 | 6/6 | 1.000 |
| Cognitive impairment | 12/13 | 5/5 | 6/6 | 1.000 |
| Seizures | 11/13 | 4/5 | 3/6 | 0.387 |
| Speech disorder | 7/13 | 3/5 | 4/6 | 1.000 |
| Movement disorder | 5/13 | 5/5 | 4/6 | 0.059 |
| Decreased level of consciousness | 8/13 | 5/5 | 5/6 | 0.329 |
| Autonomic dysfunction | 3/13 | 0/5 | 3/6 | 0.171 |
| Central hypoventilation | 0/13 | 4/5 | 0/6 | 0.000 |
| Maximum mRS | 4 (3–4) | 5 (5–5) | 4 (3.8–4.3) | 0.003 |
| Admission to ICU | 4/13 | 5/5 | 1/6 | 0.012 |
| Abnormal CSF | 8/13 | 2/5 | 6/6 | 0.113 |
| Abnormal brain MRI | 3/13 | 3/5 | 6/6 | 0.004 |
| Abnormal EEG | 8/11 | 4/5 | 2/5 | 0.475 |
| Interval between onset and PET scan, weeks | 6.8 ± 6.5 | 16.6 ± 14.9 | 8.3 ± 7.1 | 0.133 |
| Treated with steroids before PET | 9/13 | 4/5 | 3/6 | 0.618 |
| Treated with sedative before PET | 5/13 | 1/5 | 5/6 | 0.097 |
| Treated with AEDs before PET | 9/13 | 5/5 | 3/6 | 0.253 |
| mRS at the time of PET | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3.5) | 3 (3–3.2) | 0.180 |
| Interval between onset and immunotherapies, days | 17.5 ± 15.8 | 9.4 ± 3.6 | 38.3 ± 35.4 | 0.073 |
| First-line treatment | 13/13 | 5/5 | 6/6 | 1.000 |
| Second-line treatment | 9/13 | 0/5 | 4/6 | 0.031 |
| Follow-up time, years | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 0.059 |
| mRS at the last follow-up | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 2 (2–2) | 0.001 |
AED, antiepileptic drug; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EEG, electroencephalogram; ICU, intensive care unit; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; PET, positron emission tomography.