FIGURE 4.

The pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of phytochemicals against coronavirus-associated lung injury. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; Ag, angiotensin; Akt, protein kinase B; ARE, antioxidant response element; Anti-SARS-CoV, anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; Ca²⁺, calcium; CalM, calmodulin; NAFT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; CAT, catalase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GSH, glutathione; GST-1α, glutathione S-transferase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IFNγ, interferon γ; IL, interleukin; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFR, TNF receptor.