. 2020 Nov 18;11:588467. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588467

TABLE 1.

Phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action against lung injury.

Phytochemical class	Compounds	Natural source	Mechanisms	Type of study	Lung injury model	Antiviral activity	References
Alkaloid	Antidesmone	Antidesma membranaceum Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓MAPK, ↓COX-2, ↓iNOS, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓JNK, ↓ p38	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Lu et al. (2017)
Alkaloid	Berberine	Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae)	↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↓MPO, ↓TGF-β1, ↓ROS, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vitro/In vivo	LPS, radiation	Yes	Yan et al. (2018), Liang et al. (2019)
Alkaloid	Cepharanthine	Stephania cepharantha Hayata (Menispermaceae)	↓TNF-a, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓IκBα, ↓ERK, ↓MAPK,↓ MPO	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Zhang et al. (2005), Huang et al. (2014)
Alkaloid	Epigoitrin	Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae)	↓Viral replications, ↓MFN2, ↑MAVS, ↑IFN-b, ↑IFITM3, ↓TNF-a, ↓IL-1β	In vitro/In vivo	Influenza virus	Yes	Luo et al. (2019)
Alkaloid	Isotetrandrine	Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don (Liliaceae)	↓TNF-a, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓NF-κB. ↓MAPK, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Liang et al. (2014)
Alkaloid	Matrine	Sophora flavescens Aiton (Fabaceae)	↓TNF-a, ↓IL-6, ↓HMGB1, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓MDA, ↓ROS, ↓NF-κB	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Yang Y. et al. (2012), Li W. W. et al. (2019)
Alkaloid	Neferine	Nelumbo mucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae)	↑SOD,↑MDA, ↓MPO, ↓TNF-a, ↓IL-6, ↓NF-κB, ↓TGF-b1	In vitro/In vivo	Bleomycin	NR	Zhao et al. (2010)
Alkaloid	Oxysophoridine	Siphocampylus verticillatus (Cham.) G.Don (Campanulaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL1β, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓NF-κB, ↓pulmonary cell apoptosis	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Fu et al. (2015), Zhang Y.-N. et al. (2020)
Alkaloid	Sinomenine	Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Menispermaceae)	↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓TNF-α, ↓NF-κB, ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, ↑SOD, ↓MDA, ↑Nrf2, ↑ LC-3II, ↑Beclin1, ↓lung wet/dry ratio, ↓pulmonary edema, ↓BALF	In vivo	LPS, sepsis	NR	Li et al. (2013), Liu S. et al. (2018), Wang W. et al. (2020)
Alkaloid	Tabersonine	Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don (Apocynaceae)	↓TRAF6, ↓MAPK/MK2, ↓NF-κB, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓MPO, ↓iNOS, ↓NO	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Zhang et al. (2018)
Anthocyanin	Cyanidin	Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6,↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓COX-2, ↓PGE2	In vivo	Sepsis	Yes	Liu et al. (2015), Yan et al. (2015), Pour et al. (2019)
Anthocyanin	Malvidin	Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae)	↓Bax/Bcl-2, ↓Caspase-3, ↓IL-1β, ↓TNF-α	In vivo	Radiation	Yes	Liu et al. (2015), Yan et al. (2015), Pour et al. (2019)
Carbohydrate	Polysaccharides	Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓TLR4,.↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓MPO	In vivo	LPS	NR	Cheng et al. (2012), Xu et al. (2015)
Chalcone	Cardamonin	Alpinia katsumadai K.Schum. (Zingiberaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓P38 MAPK, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vitro/In vivo	Sepsis	NR	Wei et al. (2012)
Coumarin	Anomalin	Saposhnikovia divericata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk (Apiaceae)	↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↑GST, ↑GSH, ↑catalase, ↓MDA, ↓NO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Khan et al. (2019)
Coumarin	Daphnetin	Daphne spp. (Thymelaeaceae)	↓NF-κB, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓JAK/STATs, ↓ROS, ↓MPO, ↓MAPK	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Yu et al. (2014), Seif et al. (2017), Shen et al. (2017)
Coumarin	Esculetin	Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (Asteraceae)	↓IL-23, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓MAPK, ↓neutrophils, ↓NF-κB, ↓macrophages, ↓ERK, ↓Akt	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Galabov et al. (1996), Lee et al. (2020)
Coumarin	Fraxin	Fraxinus chinensis subsp. Rhynchophylla (Hance) A.E.Murray (syn. Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance) (Oleaceae)	↓NLRP3, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓NF-κB, ↓MPO, ↓MDA, ↓SOD, ↓IL-1β, ↓ IL-6, ↓TNF-α	In vivo	LPS	NR	Li W. et al. (2019)
Coumarin	Isofraxidin	Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai (Chloranthaceae)	↓PGE2, ↓COX-2, ↓NF-κB, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓MIP-2, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓MPO, ↓MAPK, ↓AKT	In vitro/In vivo	LPS, influenza virus	Yes	Jin et al. (2020), Majnooni et al. (2020)
Coumarin	Osthole	Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson (Apiaceae)	↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↓NF-κB, ↓ERK, ↓Akt, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vitro/In vivo	LPS, neutrophil oxidative stress, hemorrhagic shock, intestinal ischemia reperfusion	Yes	Shi et al. (2013), Shokoohinia et al. (2014)
Coumarin	Praeruptorin D and E	Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Apiaceae)	↓NF-κB, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↓neutrophils, ↓cells infiltration in BALF, ↓MPO	In vivo	LPS, hydrochloric acid	NR	Yu et al. (2013)
Coumarin	Psoralidin	Cullen corylifolium (L.) medik. (syn. Psoralea corylifolia L.) (Fabaceae)	↓COX-2, ↓5-LOX, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↓TGF-b	In vitro	Ionizing radiation	Yes	Yang H. J. et al., (2011), Kim et al., (2014)
Coumarin	Scoparone	Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (Asteraceae)	↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓TLR4, ↓NF-κB, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↓MPO	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Niu et al. (2014)
Coumarin	Umbelliferone	Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Apiaceae)	↓MCP-1, ↓MPO, ↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↓TLR4, ↓MyD88, ↓NF-κB, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	NR	Wang D. et al. (2019)
Flavonoid	Apigenin	Citrus × aurantium L. [syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] (Rutaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓TLR4, ↓ MPO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Shibata et al. (2014), Li et al. (2018)
Flavonoid	Breviscapine	Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz (Asteraceae)	↓ICAM-1, ↓IL-18	In vivo	Left heart ischemic reperfusion	NR	Wang et al. (2013)
Flavonoid	Daidzein	Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae)	↓TLR4, ↓MyD88, ↓NF-κB, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Feng et al. (2015), Seo et al. (2016)
Flavonoid	Eriodictyol	Dracocephalum rupestre Hance (Lamiaceae)	↑Nrf2, ↓MPO, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓MIP-2, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	NR	Zhu et al. (2015)
Flavonoid	Fisetin	Fragaria x ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (Rosaceae)	↓Neutrophils, ↓macrophages, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↑Nrf2, ↑GPx, ↑SOD, ↑CAT	In vivo	Cigarette smoke	Yes	Lin et al. (2012), Hussain et al. (2019)
Flavonoid	Hesperetin	Citrus × aurantium L. [syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] (Rutaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓MPO, ↓LDH, ↑SOD, ↓TLR4, ↓MyD88, ↓NF-κB	In vivo	LPS	NR	Wang X. et al. (2019)
Flavonoid	Hyperin	Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medik (Malvaceae)	↓inflammatory cell infiltration, ↓MPO activity, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓ IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Wu et al. (2007), Hu et al. (2019)
Flavonoid	Isorhamnetin	Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae)	↓Pulmonary edema, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓ERK, ↓JNK, ↓NF-κB	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Dayem et al. (2015), Chi et al. (2016)
Flavonoid	Kaempferol	Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. (Rosaceae)	↓Pulmonary edema, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓alveolar wall thickness, ↓alveolar ↓hemorrhage, ↓leukocytes infiltration, ↑SOD,↓NF-κB,↓MAPKs, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Guan et al. (2012), Schwarz et al. (2014)
Flavonoid	Luteolin	Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae)	↓Neutrophil chemotaxis, ↓MPO, ↓respiratory, ↓Akt, ↓ERK, ↑Nrf2, ↓NF-κB, ↑GPx, ↑SOD, ↑CAT	In vivo	Mercuric chloride, LPS	Yes	Lee et al. (2010), Liu B. et al. (2018), Yan et al. (2019)
Flavonoid	Myricetin	Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae)	↓TLR4, ↓MyD88, ↓NF-κB, ↓MPO,↓inflammatory cell migration, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↑CAT, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Ong and Khoo (1997), Mao and Huang (2017)
Flavonoid	Naringenin	Citrus × aurantium L. (syn. Citrus paradisi Macfad.) (Rutaceae)	↓PI3K, ↓Akt, ↓MAPK, ↓pulmonary edema, ↓ROS, ↓TNF-α, ↓MPO, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β	In vitro/In vivo	LPS, acid	Yes	Lee et al. (1999), Mao and Huang (2017), Zhao et al. (2017), Yu et al. (2020)
Flavonoid	Quercetin	Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) R.Br. ex Sweet (syn. Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez) (Primulaceae)	↓NF-κB, ↓JNK/SAPK, ↓p38, ↓p44/p42, ↑caspase-3	In vivo	Radiation	Yes	Wang J. et al. (2015), Chiow et al. (2016)
Flavonoid	Rutin	Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Polygonaceae)	↓NF-κB, ↓MAPK, ↑GPx, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↓MIP, ↓MMP-9, ↓Akt	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Lin et al. (2012), Chen et al. (2014), Yeh et al. (2014)
Flavonoid	Silymarin	Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Asteraceae)	↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑GPx, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↓ MPO	In vitro/In vivo	Paraquat	Yes	Özçelik et al. (2011), Zhao et al. (2015)
Flavonoid	Wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae)	↓NO, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓iNOS, ↓NF-κB,↓ MPO	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Guo et al. (2007), Yao et al. (2014)
Iridoid	Geniposide	Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis (Rubiaceae)	↓NF-κB, ↓MAPKs,↓ TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓alveolar hemorrhage, ↓MPO, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Xiaofeng et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2017b)
Isothiocyanate	Sulforaphane	Brassica spp. (Brassicaceae)	↑Nrf2, ↓PGE2, ↓COX-2, ↓MMP-2, ↓NO, TNF-α, ↓IL-6	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Qi et al. (2016), Yu et al. (2016)
Phenolic acid	Caffeic acid	Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae)	↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑CAT	In vivo	Radiation	Yes	Yildiz et al. (2008), Özçelik et al. (2011)
Phenolic acid	Chicoric acid	Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Asteraceae)	↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, ↓MPO, ↓MAPK,↓ NLRP3, ↑SOD, ↓NF-κB	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Lin et al. (1999), Ding et al. (2019)
Phenolic acid	Chlorogenic acid	Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae)	↓iNOS, ↓NO, ↓leukocytes, ↓MPO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Zhang et al. (2010), Özçelik et al. (2011)
Phenolic acid	Ellagic acid	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Theaceae)	↓NF-κB, ↓COX-2, ↑IL-10, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB	In vitro/In vivo	LPS, hydrochloric acid	Yes	Cornélio Favarin et al. (2013a), Park et al. (2014), Guan et al. (2017)
Phenolic acid	Rosmarinic acid	Rosmarinus officinalis Spenn. (Lamiaceae)	↓ERK/MAPK, ↓IL-6, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↑SOD	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Petersen and Simmonds (2003), Chu et al. (2012)
Phenolic compound	Apocynin	Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae)	↓TNF-α, ↑ SOD, ↓pulmonary vascular permeability, ↓MDA, ↓NADPH	In vivo	LPS	NR	Xu et al. (2014)
Phenolic glycoside	Salidroside	Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae)	$↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ TGF-β1	In vivo	LPS, paraquat	Yes	Wang et al. (2009), Guan et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2014)
Phenolic terpene	Cannabidiol	Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)	$↓$ MPO, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Ribeiro et al. (2012), Ribeiro et al. (2015), Lowe et al. (2017)
Polyphenol	Curcumin	Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae)	$↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ PGE2, $↓$ inflammatory responses, $↓$ TGF-β, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ MMP-9, $↓$ PGE2	In vitro/In vivo	Diabetes, bleomycin, LPS	Yes	Sun et al. (2008), Smith et al. (2010), Suresh et al. (2012), Zorofchian Moghadamtousi et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015)
Polyphenol	Gossypol	Gossypium herbaceum L. (Malvaceae)	$↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ p46-p54, $↓$ JNK, $↓$ p42, $↓$ p44 ERK, $↓$ p38, $↓$ NF-κB	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Liu Z. et al. (2013), Keshmiri-Neghab and Goliaei (2014)
Polyphenol	Magnolol	Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Magnoliaceae)	$↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ TLR4, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ MPO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Yunhe et al. (2012), Singla (2014)
Polyphenol	Resveratrol	Vitis spp. (Vitaceae)	$↓$ MAPK, $↓$ PI3K, $↓$ AKT, $↓$ MyD88, $↓$ TLR4, $↓$ Nrf2, $↓$ HO-1, ↓wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ ROS, $↓$ iNOS, $↓$ SOD, $↓$ MDA, $↓$ MIP-2, $↓$ IL18, $↓$ MPO	In vivo	LPS, hypoxia, sepsis, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, nickel, methamphetamine, bleomycin, chest trauma, cigarette smoke	Yes	Sovak (2001), Kolgazi et al. (2006), Şener et al. (2007), Cao et al. (2011), Rieder et al. (2012), Bao et al. (2013), Mo et al. (2014), Yu et al. (2014), Jiang et al. (2016), Lin et al. (2017), Torun et al. (2017), Liu S. et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2018), Yang et al. (2018), de Oliveira et al. (2019), Zhu et al. (2019), Özdemir et al. (2019), Cao et al. (2020), Wang X. et al. (2020)
Polyphenol	Tannic acid	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Theaceae)	$↓$ Wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ PGE2	In vivo	LPS, sepsis	Yes	Orlowski et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2019)
Quinone	Emodin	Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae)	Activating autophagy, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ NO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Schwarz et al. (2011), Dong et al. (2019)
Quinone	Shikonin	Lithospermum erythrorhyzon Siebold & Zucc. (Boraginaceae)	$↓$ NF-KB, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ NO, $↓$ COX 2, $↓$ neutrophil infiltration, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Bai et al. (2013), Liang et al. (2013), Zhang et al. (2017a)
Quinone	Tanshinone IIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae)	$↓$ NLRP3, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ CO₂ partial pressure, $↑$ O₂ partial pressure	In vivo	Oleic acid	Yes	Chen T. et al., (2019), Sun et al. (2019)
Quinone	Thymoquinone	Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae)	$↓$ Alveolar infiltration, $↓$ alveolar edema, $↓$ iNOS	In vivo	Chronic toluene	Yes	Kanter (2011), Fröhlich et al. (2017)
Saponin	Dioscin	Dioscorea spp. (Dioscoreaceae)	$↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ NF-κB	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Liu C. et al. (2013), Zeng et al. (2018)
Saponin	Ginsenoside Rg1	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Araliaceae)	$↓$ Wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ proteins, $↓$ M2 macrophage, $↓$ pulmonary edema, $↓$ NF-κB, TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Song et al. (2014), Bao et al. (2015)
Saponin	Ginsenoside Rg3	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Araliaceae)	$↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ COX-2, TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Song et al. (2014), Cheng and Li (2016)
Saponin	Sodium aescinate	Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae)	$↓$ Wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↑$ SOD, $↑$ MDA, $↓$ MMP2	In vivo	Oleic acid	NR	Menegazzi et al. (2008)
Saponin	Soyasaponin	Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae)	$↓$ COX-2, $↓$ iNOS, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ NO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Hayashi et al. (1997), Lin et al. (2016)
Terpenoid	Andrographolide	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) nees (Acanthaceae)	$↓$ IL-1β, $↑$ GPx, $↑$ Nrf2, $↑$ SOD	In vivo	Cigarette smoke	Yes	Guan et al. (2013), Gupta et al. (2017)
Terpenoid	Artemisitene	Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae)	$↑$ Nrf2, $↓$ TGF-β, $↓$ MCP-1, $↓$ IL-6	In vivo	Bleomycin	NR	Chen et al. (2016)
Terpenoid	Betulinic acid	Betula spp. (Betulaceae)	$↑$ CAT, $↑$ SOD, $↓$ iNOS, $↓$ NO	In vivo	Sepsis	Yes	Aiken and Chen (2005), Lingaraju et al. (2015)
Terpenoid	Costunolide	Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae)	$↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ iNOS, $↓$ MAPKs	In vivo	Heat-killed S. aureus (HKSA)	Yes	Chen et al. (1995), Chen Y.-t. et al. (2019)
Terpenoid	Eugenol	Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (Myrtaceae)	$↓$ Wet/dry ratio, $↑$ SOD1, $↑$ CAT, $↑$ Gpx1, $↑$ GST, $↓$ NF-KB, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Pramod et al. (2010), Huang et al. (2015)
Terpenoid	Farnesol	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae)	$↑$ Nrf2, $↑$ HO-1, $↓$ MAPKs, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β, $↑$ GSH, $↑$ H₂O₂, $↓$ LPO	In vivo	Cigarette smoke	Yes	Qamar and Sultana (2008), Ryabchenko et al. (2008)
Terpenoid	Geraniol	Rosa × damascena Herrm. (Rosaceae)	$↓$ Wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ iNOS, $↓$ COX-2, $↓$ TLR4, $↓$ NF-κB, $↓$ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Jiang et al. (2017)
Terpenoid	Glycyrrhizin	Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae)	$↑$ ICAM-1, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ LPO, $↓$ NF-κB	In vivo	Carrageenan	Yes	Menegazzi et al. (2008), Ashfaq et al. (2011)
Terpenoid	Isoforskolin	Plectranthus hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Sprenger (syn. Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq.) (Lamiaceae)	$↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs, $↓$ MPO, $↑$ SOD	In vivo	LPS	NR	Yang W. et al. (2011)
Terpenoid	Linalool	Citrus x aurantium L. (Rutaceae)	$↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ p38, $↓$ MAPK, $↓$ ERK, $↓$ JNK	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	NR	Huo et al. (2013)
Terpenoid	Oridonin	Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) H.Hara (syn. Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) H.Hara) (Lamiaceae)	$↓$ NLRP3, $↓$ NF-KB, $↑$ Nrf2, $↑$ HO-1, $↑$ SOD, $↑$ GSH	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Guo et al. (2013), Yang et al. (2019)
Terpenoid	p-Cymene	Protium spp. (Burseraceae)	$↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ NF-KB, $↓$ MAPKs	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Xie et al. (2012), Sharifi-Rad et al. (2017)
Terpenoid	Rubriflordilactone A	Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H.Wilson (syn. Schisandra rubriflora Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Schisandraceae)	$↓$ MMP9, $↓$ iNOS, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ wet/dry ratio of lungs	In vitro/In vivo	LPS	Yes	Cassels and Asencio (2011), Lingaraju et al. (2015)
Terpenoid	Taraxasterol	Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. (Asteraceae)	$↓$ MPO, TNF-α, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ p65, $↓$ p38, $↓$ ERK, $↓$ JNK, $↓$ NF-κB	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Chowdhury et al. (1990), San et al. (2014)
Terpenoid	Thymol	Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)	$↓$ NF-KB, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↑$ SOD, $↓$ MDA, $↓$ MPO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Sharifi-Rad et al. (2017), Wan et al. (2018)
Terpenoid	Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (Celastraceae)	$↑$ Nrf2, $↑$ HO-1, $↓$ TLR4, $↓$ NF-KB, $↓$ IL-6, $↓$ TNF-α, $↓$ IL-1β, $↓$ MAPKs, $↓$ MPO	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Wan and Chen (2014), Wang et al. (2014)
Terpenoid	Zerumbone	Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm (Zingiberaceae)	$↑$ Nrf2, $↑$ HO-1, $↓$ LPO, $↓$ MPO, $↓$ MMP-9, $↑$ SOD, $↑$ GPx, $↑$ CAT	In vivo	LPS	Yes	Dai et al. (1997), Leung et al. (2017)

5-LOX, 5-Lipoxygenase; Akt, protein kinase B; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Bcl-2/Bax, B-cell lymphoma protein 2/associated X; CAT, catalase; CO₂, carbon dioxide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1 protein; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IFITM3, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3; IFN-b, interferon Beta 1; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IκBα, inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B α; JAK/STATs, janus kinase-signal transducers and activator of transcription; JNK, jun N-terminal kinases; JNK/SAPK, JNK/stress-activated protein kinases; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK/MK2, MAPK/activated protein kinase 2; MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MDA, malondialdehyde; MFN2, mitofusin-2; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; MPO, myeloperoxidase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors pyrin domain-containing protein 3; NR, not reported; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor two; O₂, oxygen; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor six.