Fig. 2.

Restraint stress during pregnancy does not interfere with vertical transmission of IgA after birth. The concentrations of IgA in the gastric contents (a) and fecal supernatants (b) of 1-week-old and 2-week-old pups, respectively, were measured by ELISA. Pups were born either from non-stressed dams (Control) or dams that experienced restraint stress while pregnant (Stress). Data are pooled from two independent experiments. n = 8 pups per group per sample type. Horizontal bars show mean + SD. P values were calculated using Student’s t test (gastric contents and female offspring stool) or Mann-Whitney U test (male offspring stool).