The microbiome composition of female, but not male, offspring is altered by maternal stress. (a) Unweighted principal component analysis of the microbiome from 2-week-old pups of the indicated sex born from non-stressed or stressed dams. Quantification of distances shown at right. **p < 0.01, Student’s t test. n = 3–4 pups per group. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Error bars show mean + SD. (b) Alpha diversity scores for the indicated groups.*p < 0.05, Student’s t test. n = 7–8 pups per group. Data are pooled from two independent experiments. Horizontal bars show median with interquartile range. (c) Taxa that were differentially abundant between female pups from non-stressed dams compared with female pups from stressed dams. *p < 0.05**p < 0.01, Student’s t test for Clostridiales and Mann-Whitney test for Lachnospiraceae. n = 7–8 pups per group. Data are pooled from two independent experiments. Horizontal bars show median with interquartile range.