Figure 11.

Mitochondria regulate calcium homeostasis. The major organelle that regulates calcium is the ER, which takes up calcium into the ER by sarco/ER Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) and releases calcium from the ER into the cytosol by inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R). Mitochondria can also regulate calcium by sequestering cytosolic calcium through the MCU. Calcium is transported from mitochondria into the cytosol through the mitochondrial H⁺–Ca²⁺ exchanger (HCX) and mitochondrial Na⁺–Ca2⁺ exchanger (NCLX) transporters. (Adapted from Raffaello et al. 2012, with permission from Elsevier.)