Table 3.

Maternal and paternal factors contributing to mother/father and offspring similarity in the IVF design

Conception group	Mother contributions to offspring	Father contributions to offspring	Intrauterine environment provided by biological mother?	Postnatal rearing provided by biological mother?
Homologous IVF	Gm + I + E	Gf + E	Yes	Yes
IVF with sperm donation	Gm + I + E	E	Yes	Yes
IVF with oocyte donation	I + E	Gf + E	No	No
IVF with embryo donation	I + E	E	No	No
Gestational surrogacy	Gm + E	Gf + E	No	Yes

With gestational surrogacy, the commissioning parents provide gametes and the rearing and an unrelated surrogate experiences the pregnancy.

(IVF) in vitro fertilization, (Gm) maternally provided genes, (Gf) paternally provided genes, (I) intrauterine environment, (E) postnatal and later-life-rearing environment.