Table 2.

Examples of lipoxidation targets.

Category	Protein	Lipid	Residue	Implication	Reference
Cytoskeletal protein	Vimentin	15d-PGJ2, PGA1 HNE	Cys328	Filament reorganisation	[73,74] [75,76]
	GFAP	15d-PGJ2, PGA1	Cys294	Filament reorganisation	[77]
	Actin	HNE PGA1 15d-PGJ2 Acrolein	Cys374 Cys374 Cys374, His87, His173	Electrophilic scavenger, filament disruption	[78] [79] [80] [81]
	Tubulin	HNE	Cys295	Filament reorganisation	[75]
Metabolic enzymes	AKR1B1 AKR1B AKR1B10	Acrolein HNE PGA1	Cys298 Cys298 Cys299	Activation Inhibition Inhibition	[56] [57] [82]
	α-Enolase	HNE 15d-PGJ2	? *	Inhibition	[83] [80]
	Soluble epoxide hydrolase	15d-PGJ2	Cys521	Inhibition	[84]
	Pyruvate kinase	15d-PGJ2 Acrolein, HHE, MDA HNE, ONE	? Cys152, Cys358, Cys423, Cys474 Cys424, His439	? Inhibition Inhibition	[74] [33] [85]
	Pin1	HNE	Cys113	Inhibition	[86]
Chaperones	Hsp 90	15d-PGJ2 PGA1 HNE, ONE	? Cys572	Inhibition	[74] [73,87] [88]
	Hsp 70	cyPG HNE	? Cys267	Inhibition	[84,87] [89]
Transcription factor	PPARγ	NO2-FAs 15d-PGJ2	Cys285 Cys285	Activation	[90] [91,92]
	P53	15d-PGJ2	Cys277	Inhibition	[93]
	NF-κB	15d-PGJ2, PGA1	Cys38 (p65) and Cys62 (p50)	Inhibition	[94,95]
	STAT3	15-keto-PGE2	Cys259	Inhibition	[96]
	AP-1	15d-PGJ2	Cys269 (c-Jun)	Inhibition	[97]
Membrane receptor	Estrogen receptor α	15d-PGJ2	Cys227, Cys240	Inhibition	[98]
	EGFR	HNE	?	Activation (low levels); inhibition (high levels)	[99]
	TRPA	15d-PGJ2	Cys421, Cys621	Activation	[100]
Regulatory proteins	Keap1	NO2-FAs HNE 15d-PGJ2	Cys151, 273, 288 Cys 273, Cys288	Inhibition	[101,102] [103] [101,102,103,104]
	IKK	HNE cyPG	? Cys179	Inhibition	[105] [106]
	H-Ras	15d-PGJ2, PGA1	Cys118, Cys181, Cys184	Activation	[107,108]
Signalling protein	PTEN	Acrolein, HNE, PGA2, 15d-PGJ2	Cys71, Lys327	Inhibition	[58,109]
	Akt	HNE	His196, His267, Cys311	Inhibition	[110]
	PP2A	HNE	?	Inhibition	[60]
Epigenetic regulation	Sirt2	Acrolein, HNE	Cys482	Inhibition	[111]
	HDACs	Acrolein HNE, 15d-PGJ2	Cys274 Cys 274	Inhibition Inhibition	[112] [61]
Mitochondrial proteins	DRP1	15d-PGJ2	At least Cys644	Fission inhibition	[113]
	Cytochrome c	HNE	His196, His267, Lys87	In vitro modification	[114]
	Aconitase	HNE	Cys99, Cys358, Cys421, Cys424, Cys565	Inhibition	[115]
Others	Albumin	Δ12-PGJ2 HNE, acrolein	His146 Cys34	?	[116] [117]

* ? indicates that either the site of adduction or the biological effect were not determined in this study.