Table 3.
Changes in clinical and biochemical parameters within and between intervention groups at 6 months versus baseline.
| Whole Sample | CD | MD-HMF | MD-PA | t•g | p † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 128 | 42 | 43 | 43 | |||
| SBP (mmHg) | Baseline | 135.2 ± 14.6 | 137.5 ± 13.1 | 134.28 ± 13.9 | 133.4 ± 16.5 | 0.760 | 0.540 |
| 6 months | 129.6 ± 15.2 | 130.5 ± 16.2 | 127.7 ± 13.3 | 130.8 ± 16.0 | |||
| Δ | −5.6 ± 15.7 *** | −7.0 ± 15.8 ** | −6.6 ± 13.9 ** | −3.2 ± 17.4 * | |||
| DBP (mmHg) | Baseline | 85.0 ± 8.8 | 84.1 ± 9.6 | 85.9 ± 7.8 | 84.3 ± 9.3 | 0.760 | 0.960 |
| 6 months | 81.0 ± 8.7 | 80.8 ± 8.8 | 81.2 ± 7.8 | 81.0 ± 9.7 | |||
| Δ | −3.9 ± 8.7 *** | −3.3 ± 8.6 ** | −4.7 ± 8.7 *** | −3.8 ± 9.0 ** | |||
| HR (bpm) | Baseline | 70.3 ± 11.5 | 69.7 ± 11.1 | 68.9 ± 11.4 | 72.4 ± 11.7 | 0.450 | 0.790 |
| 6 months | 65.2 ± 10.4 | 64.6 ± 11.2 | 65.0 ± 10.1 | 66.2 ± 10.2 | |||
| Δ | −5.1 ± 8.8 *** | −5.1 ± 8.6 *** | −3.9 ± 8.7 ** | −6.4 ± 9.2 *** | |||
| MAP | Baseline | 191.5 ± 18.7 | 193.5 ± 17.4 | 191.6 ± 17.0 | 190.5 ± 21.6 | 0.620 | 0.670 |
| 6 months | 183.7 ± 19.6 | 184.4 ± 20.7 | 181.8 ± 16.9 | 184.8 ± 21.5 | |||
| Δ | −8.2 ± 20.3 *** | −9.2 ± 20.1 ** | −9.7 ± 18.6 ** | −5.7 ± 22.5 | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) # | Baseline | 116.2 ± 42.4 | 113.8 ± 33.1 | 109.7 ± 20.5 | 124.3 ± 61.7 | 0.500 | 0.880 |
| 6 months | 107.5 ± 38.7 | 107.7 ± 33.7 | 103.8 ± 35.5 | 111.0 ± 46.1 | |||
| Δ | −8.7 ± 31.7 ** | −6.7 ± 17.4 * | −5.9 ± 22.7 | −13.3 ± 46.7 | |||
| Insulin (UI/mL) | Baseline | 20.4 ± 10.8 | 22.3 ± 12.2 | 18.9 ± 9.8 | 20.1 ± 9.8 | 0.820 | 0.430 |
| 6 months | 15.4 ± 11.1 | 18.1 ± 13.3 | 14.1 ± 12.3 | 14.5 ± 6.3 | |||
| Δ | −5.0 ± 9.6 *** | −4.2 ± 9.7 * | −4.9 ± 10.9 ** | −5.6 ± 8.3 *** | |||
| HbA1c (%) | Baseline | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 0.210 | 0.450 |
| 6 months | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | |||
| Δ | −0.3 ± 0.8 *** | −0.1 ± 0.5 | −0.2 ± 0.5 * | −0.4 ± 1.3 * | |||
| HOMA-IR # | Baseline | 5.9 ± 3.8 | 6.4 ± 4.4 | 5.2 ± 3.3 | 6.2 ± 3.6 | 0.460 | 0.520 |
| 6 months | 4.5 ± 5.3 | 4.8 ± 3.7 | 4.4 ± 7.8 | 4.1 ± 3.1 | |||
| Δ | −1.5 ± 4.5 *** | −1.6 ± 3.4 ** | −0.8 ± 6.3 *** | −2.0 ± 3.3 *** | |||
| Total-c (mg/dL) | Baseline | 194.9 ± 39.3 | 202.0 ± 41.2 | 193.6 ± 36.5 | 189.5 ± 38.8 | 0.360 | 0.420 |
| 6-months | 188.2 ± 42.5 | 193.5 ± 45.8 | 182.1 ± 39.8 | 189.3 ± 42.2 | |||
| Δ | −6.7 ± 37.5 * | −8.4 ± 30.0 | −11.5 ± 34.0 * | −0.3 ± 46.2 | |||
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | Baseline | 44.5 ± 10.6 | 44.9 ± 12.7 | 46.4 ± 9.1 | 42.2 ± 9.4 | 0.690 | 0.510 |
| 6 months | 46.9 ± 11.7 | 47.3 ± 13.6 | 49.4 ± 11.1 | 43.9 ± 9.8 | |||
| Δ | 2.4 ± 6.7 *** | 2.5 ± 6.2 * | 3.0 ± 8.6 * | 1.7 ± 5.0 * | |||
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | Baseline | 115.4 ± 34.1 | 119.8 ± 37.6 | 116.2 ± 30.2 | 110.5 ± 33.7 | 0.130 | 0.180 |
| 6 months | 113.5 ± 37.1 | 116.4 ± 37.9 | 108.2 ± 35.9 | 116.7 ± 37.6 | |||
| Δ | −1.9 ± 31.2 | −3.8 ± 28.8 | −7.6 ± 29.3 | 6.1 ± 34.5 | |||
| TG (mg/dL) # | Baseline | 181.1 ± 96.4 | 184.8 ± 87.3 | 160.6 ± 62.4 | 196.6 ± 126.1 | 0.970 | 0.170 |
| 6 months | 145.8 ± 93.0 | 150.9 ± 90.7 | 122.9 ± 68.7 | 163.9 ± 111.9 | |||
| Δ | −35.3 ± 96.9 *** | −35.4 ± 71.2 *** | −37.7 ± 77.4 *** | −32.7 ± 131.6 * | |||
| Ferritin (ng/mL) # | Baseline | 155.4 ± 153.7 | 161.9 ± 166.5 | 153.7 ± 151.0 | 150.7 ± 134.8 | 0.810 | 0.990 |
| 6 months | 124.0 ± 119.4 | 123.6 ± 112.1 | 124.8 ± 124.9 | 166.7 ± 227.9 | |||
| Δ | −31.4 ± 96.8 ** | −38.3 ± 103.9 * | −28.9 ± 95.4 * | 21.2 ± 86.2 |
Abbreviations: Δ: delta; CD: Conventional Diet; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HR: heart rate; LDL-c: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MD-HMF: Mediterranean diet–high meal frequency; MD-PA: Mediterranean Diet–physical activity; MedDiet: Mediterranean diet; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; TyG: triglycerides/glucose ratio; Total-c: total cholesterol. # Log-transformed. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). No significant differences were observed between the three groups at baseline. * p < 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001 vs. baseline using the whole sample and within the same treatment group. t•g = time•group interaction. † Changes between the three intervention groups at 6 months after adjustment for baseline values by ANCOVA.