Table 5.
Changes in mineral and vitamin intakes within and between intervention groups at 6 months versus baseline.
| Whole Sample | CD | MD-HMF | MD-PA | t•g | p † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 128 | 42 | 43 | 43 | |||
| Ca (mg/d) | Baseline | 1045.8 ± 408.0 | 1089.6 ± 355.5 | 937.4 ± 351.2 | 1123.4 ± 496.0 | 0.230 | 0.760 |
| 6 months | 1048.2 ± 397.9 | 1036.7 ± 427.8 | 1032.0 ± 421.4 | 1078.8 ± 343.4 | |||
| Δ | 2.4 ± 426.1 | −52.9 ± 429.5 | 94.6 ± 427.1 | −44.5 ± 415.6 | |||
| Fe (mg/d) | Baseline | 17.4 ± 6.1 | 18.8 ± 7.0 | 16.1 ± 5.1 | 17.5 ± 5.8 | 0.230 | 0.230 |
| 6 months | 17.9 ± 5.5 | 18.0 ± 5.8 | 16.8 ± 4.1 | 19.1 ± 6.3 | |||
| Δ | 0.5 ± 6.3 | −0.9 ± 7.3 | 0.7 ± 5.5 | 1.7 ± 5.9 | |||
| Mg (mg/d) | Baseline | 418.0 ± 130.6 | 440.9 ± 97.7 | 375.8 ± 133.1 | 442.1 ± 148.2 | 0.080 | 0.220 |
| 6 months | 472.8 ± 135.1 | 460.1 ± 135.3 | 458.4 ± 113.5 | 502.8 ± 155.1 | |||
| Δ | 54.8 ± 125.0 *** | 19.2 ± 104.0 | 82.6 ± 127.7 *** | 60.7 ± 136.0 * | |||
| P (mg/d) | Baseline | 1823.6 ± 541.3 | 1896.9 ± 436.5 | 1654.2 ± 532.3 | 19397 ± 613.7 | 0.210 | 0.320 |
| 6 months | 1915.0 ± 514.7 | 1878.6 ± 580.0 | 1829.0 ± 448.7 | 2051.9 ± 498.2 | |||
| Δ | 91.4 ± 481.9 * | −18.2 ± 416.5 | 174.7 ± 499.0 ** | 112.2 ± 516.9 | |||
| K (mg/d) | Baseline | 4303.8 ± 1330.0 | 4623.3 ± 1055.0 | 3892.7 ± 1395.4 | 4435.9 ± 1426.4 | 0.009 | 0.060 |
| 6 months | 4664.0 ± 1273.8 | 4575.5 ± 1326.3 | 4570.8 ± 1088.9 | 4864.1 ± 1419.2 | |||
| Δ | 360.2 ± 1058.3 *** | −47.7 ± 709.9 | 678.1 ± 1257.4 ** | 428.2 ± 1002.2 * | |||
| Se (μg/d) | Baseline | 119.6 ± 41.5 | 125.2 ± 35.9 | 110.1 ± 41.7 | 124.5 ± 45.9 | 0.550 | 0.200 |
| 6 months | 114.4 ± 38.1 | 114.7 ± 39.9 | 105.1 ± 32.7 | 124.7 ± 40.2 | |||
| Δ | −5.2 ± 41.1 | −10.4 ± 36.6 | −5.0 ± 39.3 | 0.2 ± 47.5 | |||
| Na (mg/d) | Baseline | 2513.4 ± 954.6 | 2438.5 ± 753.7 | 2442.2 ± 1089.5 | 2674.0 ± 986.7 | 0.170 | 0.020 a,c |
| 6 months | 2053.1 ± 791.9 | 2173.7 ± 827.4 | 1765.5 ± 644.4 | 2254.4 ± 831.4 | |||
| Δ | −460.3 ± 971.9 *** | −264.8 ± 866.8 | −676.6 ± 900.8 *** | −419.6 ± 1122.1 * | |||
| Zn (mg/d) | Baseline | 14.2 ± 4.1 | 15.0 ± 3.7 | 13.2 ± 3.9 | 14.5 ± 4.5 | 0.570 | 0.400 |
| 6 months | 13.5 ± 3.8 | 13.7 ± 4.0 | 12.6 ± 3.0 | 14.2 ± 4.1 | |||
| Δ | −0.7 ± 3.9 | −1.2 ± 4.0 | −0.6 ± 3.7 | −0.3 ± 4.3 | |||
| Vit. A (μg/d) | Baseline | 1201.5 ± 1081.9 | 1448.0 ± 1290.6 | 1144.7 ± 1169.4 | 1005.8 ± 616.5 | 0.260 | 0.820 |
| 6 months | 1110.9 ± 808.6 | 1182.3 ± 719.4 | 1104.7 ± 957.5 | 1042.5 ± 724.3 | |||
| Δ | −90.6 ± 815.7 | −265.7 ± 1149.7 | −40.0 ± 579.9 | 36.7 ± 577.7 | |||
| Vit. B1 (mg/d) | Baseline | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 0.110 | 0.900 |
| 6 months | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | |||
| Δ | 0.1 ± 0.6 | −0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 * | |||
| Vit. B2 (mg/d) | Baseline | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 0.047 | 0.080 |
| 6 months | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | |||
| Δ | 0.1 ± 0.7 | −0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.7 * | |||
| Vit. B3 (mg/d) | Baseline | 45.4 ± 14.0 | 48.6 ± 15.9 | 41.1 ± 11.6 | 46.9 ± 13.7 | 0.170 | 0.180 |
| 6 months | 44.4 ± 13.1 | 44.7 ± 14.1 | 41.0 ± 11.9 | 47.9 ± 12.8 | |||
| Δ | −1.0 ± 11.8 | −3.9 ± 11.8 * | −0.1 ± 12.7 | 1.0 ± 10.5 | |||
| Vit. B6 (mg/d) | Baseline | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.009 | 0.049 b |
| 6 months | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | |||
| Δ | 0.2 ± 0.8 * | −0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.7 ** | 0.3 ± 0.6 ** | |||
| Vit. B12 (μg/d) | Baseline | 11.0 ± 6.7 | 12.3 ± 7.8 | 9.8 ± 6.5 | 11.0 ± 5.4 | 0.180 | 0.340 |
| 6 months | 10.5 ± 5.2 | 10.4 ± 5.0 | 9.8 ± 5.9 | 11.3 ± 4.4 | |||
| Δ | −0.5 ± 5.6 | −1.9 ± 7.8 | 0.0 ± 3.9 | 0.3 ± 4.3 | |||
| Folic acid (μg/d) | Baseline | 348.2 ± 154.0 | 387.0 ± 174.2 | 311.9 ± 129.5 | 348.7 ± 151.3 | 0.020 | 0.005 b |
| 6 months | 396.2 ± 134.0 | 380.9 ± 134.3 | 379.8 ± 100.8 | 431.1 ± 161.5 | |||
| Δ | 47.9 ± 145.8 *** | −6.1 ± 170.0 | 67.8 ± 132.9 ** | 82.4 ± 116.8 *** | |||
| Vit. C (mg/d) | Baseline | 194.7 ± 118.5 | 232.1 ± 142.6 | 164.8 ± 104.1 | 189.2 ± 96.3 | 0.030 | 0.200 |
| 6 months | 209.6 ± 84.9 | 209.7 ± 79.1 | 196.5 ± 67.5 | 224.3 ± 106.0 | |||
| Δ | 14.9 ± 104.1 | −22.4 ± 127.3 | 31.7 ± 99.8 | 35.0 ± 67.5 ** | |||
| Vit. D (μg/d) | Baseline | 6.6 ± 4.4 | 7.1 ± 5.2 | 5.6 ± 3.8 | 7.3 ± 4.1 | 0.180 | 0.020 c |
| 6 months | 7.4 ± 4.3 | 6.9 ± 4.2 | 6.1 ± 3.8 | 9.2 ± 4.6 | |||
| Δ | 0.7 ± 4.7 | −0.2 ± 5.5 | 0.6 ± 4.1 | 1.9 ± 4.1 * | |||
| Vit. E (mg/d) | Baseline | 10.5 ± 5.1 | 10.5 ± 3.5 | 9.6 ± 4.0 | 11.7 ± 7.1 | 0.990 | 0.280 |
| 6 months | 10.4 ± 4.3 | 10.4 ± 4.6 | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 11.5 ± 4.4 | |||
| Δ | −0.1 ± 5.9 | −0.1 ± 4.2 | −0.1 ± 5.9 | −0.1 ± 7.4 |
Abbreviations: Δ: delta; CD: Conventional Diet; MD-HMF: Mediterranean diet–high meal frequency; MD-PA: Mediterranean Diet–physical activity. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). * p < 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001 vs. baseline using the whole sample and within the same treatment group. t•g = time•group interaction. † Changes in between the three intervention groups at 6 months after adjustment for baseline values by ANCOVA. a: Significant difference between CD and MD-HMF; b: Significant difference between CD and MD-PA; c: Significant difference between MD-HMF and MD-PA.