Table 6.
Changes in food groups and food categories intakes within and between intervention groups at 6 months versus baseline.
| Whole Sample | CD | MD-HMF | MD-PA | t•g | p † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 128 | 42 | 43 | 43 | |||
| Food groups | |||||||
| Vegetables (g/d) | Baseline | 307.3 ± 176.2 | 327.2 ± 196.79 | 285.2 ± 142.6 | 311.4 ± 189.7 | 0.210 | 0.180 |
| 6 months | 347.1 ± 168.3 | 331.8 ± 143.8 | 329.0 ± 141.9 | 384.0 ± 213.1 | |||
| Δ | 39.9 ± 162.6 ** | 4.6 ± 169.3 | 43.7 ± 174.8 | 72.7 ± 135.8 ** | |||
| Fruits (g/d) | Baseline | 291.6 ± 201.5 | 329.5 ± 140.2 | 238.4 ± 201.9 | 312.5 ± 244.4 | 0.005 | 0.030 a |
| 6 months | 371.0 ± 228.6 | 343.9 ± 216.3 | 399.3 ± 238.9 | 367.3 ± 232.2 | |||
| Δ | 79.4 ± 209.2 *** | 14.4 ± 204.2 | 161.0 ± 199.8 *** | 54.8 ± 199.9 | |||
| Legumes (g/d) | Baseline | 21.7 ± 11.9 | 22.2 ± 13.6 | 21.2 ± 11.4 | 21.9 ± 10.9 | 0.050 | 0.060 |
| 6 months | 34.0 ± 26.9 | 28.3 ± 19.6 | 41.4 ± 36.7 | 31.6 ± 17.5 | |||
| Δ | 12.3 ± 26.8 *** | 6.1 ± 19.4 * | 20.2 ± 36.2 *** | 9.7 ± 18.2 ** | |||
| Cereals # (g/d) | Baseline | 156.5 ± 99.9 | 169.3 ± 94.3 | 149.9 ± 99.0 | 150.6 ± 107.9 | 0.410 | 0.050 |
| 6-months | 127.8 ± 71.8 | 139.4 ± 67.9 | 105.3 ± 61.8 | 141.3 ± 81.4 | |||
| Δ | −28.7 ± 114.4 ** | −29.9 ± 111.2 | −44.6 ± 108.8 * | −9.3 ± 124.1 | |||
| Milk and dairy (g/d) | Baseline | 334.9 ± 202.2 | 365.1 ± 173.1 | 290.9 ± 172.1 | 353.2 ± 253.4 | 0.300 | 0.720 |
| 6-months | 360.0 ± 203.4 | 361.3 ± 220.1 | 355.2 ± 181.6 | 364.1 ± 214.4 | |||
| Δ | 25.1 ± 202.6 | −3.8 ± 210.7 | 64.4 ± 171.5 * | 10.9 ± 224.4 | |||
| Meat and meat products (g/d) | Baseline | 182.4 ± 71.1 | 194.8 ± 79.2 | 172.7 ± 59.5 | 180.4 ± 74.4 | 0.740 | 0.960 |
| 6-months | 138.1 ± 69.3 | 142.9 ± 66.6 | 132.3 ± 81.7 | 139.7 ± 57.2 | |||
| Δ | −44.3 ± 72.8 *** | −51.9 ± 79.8 *** | −40.4 ± 81.8 ** | −40.6 ± 53.0 *** | |||
| Olive oil (g/d) | Baseline | 32.6 ± 19.8 | 34.9 ± 20.7 | 32.7 ± 22.4 | 30.1 ± 15.4 | 0.700 | 0.8700 |
| 6-months | 30.1 ± 18.1 | 31.1 ± 18.7 | 29.0 ± 17.3 | 30.4 ± 18.7 | |||
| Δ | −2.1 ± 23.5 | −3.8 ± 25.8 | −3.7 ± 24.7 | 0.3± 19.5 | |||
| Fish (g/d) | Baseline | 96.8 ± 61.3 | 101.9 ± 69.2 | 76.5 ± 43.2 | 114.5 ± 64.9 | 0.550 | 0.510 |
| 6-months | 125.1 ± 73.9 | 120.9 ± 85.2 | 110.5 ± 58.2 | 146.2 ± 74.2 | |||
| Δ | 28.3 ± 63.6 *** | 18.9 ± 69.3 | 33.9 ± 54.0 *** | 31.7 ± 67.9 ** | |||
| Nuts (g/d) | Baseline | 11.6 ± 14.8 | 13.1 ± 14.8 | 7.4 ± 11.2 | 14.8 ± 17.5 | 0.090 | 0.200 |
| 6-months | 24.6 ± 28.7 | 19.1 ± 25.2 | 27.5 ± 34.9 | 27.0 ± 23.7 | |||
| Δ | 13.0 ± 29.0 *** | 6.0 ± 26.1 | 20.3 ± 34.5 *** | 12.1 ± 23.2 ** | |||
| Sweets and pastries (g/d) | Baseline | 34.4 ± 59.7 | 28.9 ± 34.2 | 36.8 ± 80.9 | 37.7 ± 53.4 | 0.580 | 0.520 |
| 6-months | 14.2 ± 28.4 | 17.5 ± 31.9 | 10.3 ± 21.1 | 15.1 ± 31.9 | |||
| Δ | −20.2 ± 65.0 *** | −11.3 ± 40.9 ** | −26.4 ± 85.3 | −22.6 ± 59.6 * | |||
| Food categories | |||||||
| Foods from animal sources (g/d) | Baseline | 614.1 ± 244.7 | 661.9 ± 224.4 | 540.2 ± 192.8 | 648.1 ± 299.0 | 0.170 | 0.660 |
| 6-months | 623.3 ± 230.4 | 625.2 ± 270.1 | 598.1 ± 207.3 | 650.0 ± 213.0 | |||
| Δ | 9.1 ± 222.1 | −36.8 ± 243.6 | 57.8 ± 184.4 | 1.9 ± 235.3 | |||
| Foods from vegetable sources (g/d) | Baseline | 788.8 ± 332.1 | 861.3 ± 261.1 | 702.1 ± 309.4 | 811.1 ± 403.8 | 0.012 | 0.060 |
| 6-months | 904.6 ± 340.5 | 862.5 ± 307.5 | 902.8 ± 312.2 | 951.2 ± 403.0 | |||
| Δ | 115.8 ± 304.1 *** | 1.20 ± 257.8 | 200.7 ± 304.6 *** | 140.1 ± 318.9 * |
Abbreviations: Δ: delta; CD: Conventional Diet; MD-HMF: Mediterranean diet–high meal frequency; MD-PA: Mediterranean Diet–physical activity. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * p < 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001 vs. baseline using the whole sample and within the same treatment group. t•g = time•group interaction. † Changes in between the three intervention groups at 6 months after adjustment for baseline values by ANCOVA. a: Significant difference between CD and MD-HMF. SD = standard deviation; # = excluding potatoes.