TABLE 1.
Demographics
| Schizophrenia (n = 37) | Depression (n = 43) | Controls (n = 64) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 40 (10) | 30 (9) | 31 (10) | <0.000 |
| Sex (males), n (%) | 27 (73%) | 22 (51%) | 27 (42%) | 0.011 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 30 (8) | 26 (6) | 24 (5) | <0.000 |
| Supported housing, n (%) | 13 (35%) | 7 (16%) | 0 (0%)† | <0.000 |
| Graduated from high school, n (%) | 34 (92%) | 36 (84%) | 62 (97%) | 0.053 |
| Working/studying at least half-time, n (%) | 13 (35%) | 26 (60%) | 61 (95%) | <0.000 |
| Sheltered work program, n (%) | 15 (40%) | 1 (2%)† | 1 (2%)‡ | <0.000 |
| Nicotine use, n (%) | 15 (40%) | 15 (35%) | 14 (22%) | 0.111 |
| Coffee, day of assessment (cups), mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.4)† | 1.4 (1.3)† | 1.4 (1.3) | 0.209 |
| AUDIT total score, mean (SD) | 3.5 (5.4) | 4.4 (3.4) | 5.3 (3.0) | 0.071 |
| DUDIT total score, mean (SD) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.0 (1.8) | 0.3 (1.7) | 0.109 |
| CGI-S, mean (SD) | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.9 (0.8) | n.a. | <0.000 |
| BPRS total score, mean (SD) | 44 (12) | 49 (7) | 27 (3) | <0.000 |
| BPRS positive symptoms subscale§, mean (SD) | 7 (4) | 3 (1.5) | 3 (0) | <0.000 |
| BPRS negative symptoms subscale§, mean (SD) | 8 (3) | 9 (3) | 3 (1) | <0.000 |
| MADRS-S total score, mean (SD) | 14 (6) | 30 (8) | 3 (3) | <0.000 |
| ADS score our version, mean (SD) | 3.0 (3.0) | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | <0.000 |
| ADS score original version, mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.5) | 1.7 (2.0) | 0.0 (0.1) | <0.000 |
| ADS score above 0, n (%) | 29 (78%) | 20 (47%) | 0 (0%) | <0.000 |
| Clozapine prescription, n (%) | 16 (43%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | <0.000 |
| TCA prescription, n (%) | 2 (5%) | 6 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0.008 |
| ESRS total score, mean (SD) | 2.1 (2.6) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0 (0.1) | <0.000 |
| Positive chronotropic drug use∥, n (%) | 1 (3%) | 11 (26%) | 2 (3%) | <0.000 |
| Negative chronotropic drug use∥, n (%) | 5 (14%) | 6 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0.009 |
| Antidiabetics¶, n (%) | 4 (11%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.015 |
| Antihypertensives¶, n (%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0.223 |
| Ongoing physical activity, mean (SD), cpm | 265 (447)# | 232 (389)‡ | 267 (474)# | 0.919 |
*One-way ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 for dichotomic variables.
†One missing.
‡Two missing.
§Positive symptoms subscale comprises items suspiciousness, hallucinations, and unusual thought content. Negative symptoms subscale comprises items blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, and motor retardation.
∥Positive chronotropic drugs included dexamphetamine, levothyroxine and methylphenidate. Negative chronotropic drugs included β-blockers, guanfacine, and thiamazole. Anticholinergics were not included as neither positive nor negative chronotropic drugs (eg, clozapine).
¶Antidiabetics included metformin, empagliflozin, sitagliptin, liraglutide, glipizide, and insulin. Antihypertensives included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (β-blockers were only coded as negative chronotropic drugs).
#Three missing.
AUDIT indicates Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impression–Severity; cpm, counts per minute; DUDIT, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; ESRS, Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale; MADRS-S, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale self-rating; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant agent.