Table 3. Social determinants of health of Indigenous participants in the Tracks survey of people who inject drugs in Canada, Phase 4, 2017–2019 (n=997).
| Social determinants of healtha | n | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education, highest level | Completed some high school or less | 575 | 57.9 |
| Completed high school | 262 | 26.4 | |
| Completed more than high school | 157 | 15.8 | |
| Experienced financial strainb,c, past 12 months | 707 | 83.7 | |
| Housing statusd, past six months | Unstable housing | 659 | 66.2 |
| Stable housing | 336 | 33.8 | |
| Ever incarceratede | 691 | 75.2 | |
| Incarcerated, past 12 monthsc | 224 | 26.1 | |
| Mental healthf | Fair to excellent | 756 | 84.0 |
| Poor | 144 | 16.0 | |
| Other social determinants of health | Experience of stigma and discriminationc,g, ever | 753 | 90.2 |
| Experience of stigma and discriminationc,g, past 12 months | 704 | 84.6 | |
| Experience of childhood physical, sexual, and/or emotional abusec | 729 | 87.5 | |
| Experience of sexual partner physical, sexual, and/or emotional abusec | 654 | 78.6 | |
| Placed in a residential schoolc | 197 | 23.7 | |
| Family member placed in a residential schoolc | 687 | 89.8 | |
a Proportion of participants who responded to each individual question varied. Information was missing or not collected for 1% to 10% of the social determinants of health indicators
b Defined as ever having difficulty making ends meet in the year prior to the interview
c This question not asked at the SurvUDI network and London sites
d Unstable housing included living in a hotel or motel room, rooming or boarding house, shelter or hostel, transition or halfway house, psychiatric institution or drug treatment facility, public place or correctional facility. Stable housing included living in an apartment or house or a relative’s apartment or house
e Only partial data available at the SurvUDI network sites
f This question was not asked at the SurvUDI network sites
g Defined as ever experienced any stigma or discrimination (e.g. avoidance, pity, blame, shame, rejection, verbal abuse, or bullying) based on racial or cultural background, hepatitis C status, HIV status, sexual orientation, use of drugs or alcohol or sex work