Table 3.
Plasma and urine concentrations of inflammatory and cardio-metabolic biomarkers, blood pressure, and anthropometrics according to the quartiles of the Spanish traditional pattern.
| Spanish Traditional Pattern 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value for Trend | |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) (mg/L) 2 | 0.13 (1.42) | 0.13 (1.41) | 0.13 (1.44) | 0.12 (1.46) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) 2 | 3.34 (1.09) | 3.31 (1.09) | 3.30 (1.09) | 3.28 (1.09) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 2 | 193.72 (1.07) | 192.49 (1.07) | 191.70 (1.07) | 191.02 (1.07) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) 2 | 117.90 (1.08) | 117.08 (1.08) | 116.53 (1.09) | 116.20 (1.09) | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) 2 | 52.08 (1.12) | 51.76 (1.13) | 51.39 (1.13) | 50.89 (1.14) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) 2 | 95.70 (1.17) | 94.70 (1.17) | 94.81 (1.19) | 95.06 (1.19) | 0.425 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) 2 | 92.14 (1.07) | 91.49 (1.07) | 91.31 (1.07) | 91.13 (1.08) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) 2 | 7.46 (1.12) | 7.45 (1.12) | 7.51 (1.13) | 7.58 (1.14) | <0.001 |
| Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 2 | 1.70 (1.18) | 1.68 (1.18) | 1.70 (1.19) | 1.71 (1.20) | 0.319 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) 2 | 5.08 (1.17) | 5.08 (1.18) | 5.09 (1.19) | 5.12 (1.20) | 0.242 |
| Urine albumin (mg/dL) 2 | 6.29 (1.21) | 6.31 (1.21) | 6.32 (1.22) | 6.37 (1.23) | 0.130 |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g creatinine) 2 |
5.34 (1.22) | 5.26 (1.21) | 5.26 (1.22) | 5.24 (1.23) | 0.034 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.52 (9.16) | 128.59 (9.03) | 128.25 (9.82) | 128.24 (9.97) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.63 (3.11) | 75.50 (3.09) | 75.50 (3.32) | 75.69 (3.38) | 0.693 |
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.64 (1.95) | 26.57 (1.91) | 26.68 (2.09) | 26.90 (2.15) | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.91 (8.20) | 89.96 (8.17) | 90.52 (8.93) | 91.52 (9.12) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 (0.06) | 0.87 (0.06) | 0.88 (0.07) | 0.88 (0.07) | 0.009 |
1 Values are adjusted for sex, age, educational level (primary, secondary, or university), smoking status (current, former, or never smoker), physical activity (MET-h/week), time spent watching TV (h/week), energy intake (kcal/day), and morbidity (yes, no). 2 Geometric means. LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein.