Table 3.
Summary of mediation models assessed in included studies.
| Study | Intervention vs. Comparator |
Path a (I → M) |
Mediator | Path b (M → O) |
Outcome (Child-Reported) |
Indirect Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olbrecht, et al. [31] | Intravenous acetaminophen vs no intravenous acetaminophen | + | Morphine consumption | + | Hospital length of stay | + |
| Bonnert, et al. [32] | Exposure-based internet-CBT vs. waitlist | + | GI-specific avoidance behaviour | + | GI symptoms | + |
| – | Perceived stress | + | GI symptoms | – | ||
| Lalouni, et al. [29] | Exposure-based internet-CBT vs treatment as usual | + | GI-specific avoidance behaviour | + | GI symptoms | + |
| + | GI-specific anxiety | + | GI symptoms | + | ||
| Levy, et al. [28] | SLCBT vs. education | + | Perceived pain threat | – | GI symptom severity at 3 months | – |
| + | Perceived pain threat | – | GI symptom severity at 6 months | – | ||
| + | Perceived pain threat | – | GI symptom severity at 12 months | – | ||
| + | Perceived pain threat | + | Pain intensity at 3 months | + | ||
| + | Perceived pain threat | + | Pain intensity at 6 months | + | ||
| + | Perceived pain threat | – | Pain intensity at 12 months | – | ||
| + | Solicitousness | – | GI symptom severity at 3 months | – | ||
| + | Solicitousness | – | GI symptom severity at 6 months | – | ||
| + | Solicitousness | – | GI symptom severity at 12 months | – | ||
| + | Solicitousness | – | Pain intensity at 3 months | – | ||
| + | Solicitousness | – | Pain intensity at 6 months | – | ||
| + | Solicitousness | – | Pain intensity at 12 months | – | ||
| + | Pain catastrophizing | + | GI symptom severity at 3 months | + | ||
| + | Pain catastrophizing | + | GI symptom severity at 6 months | – | ||
| + | Pain catastrophizing | – | GI symptom severity at 12 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | – | Pain intensity at 3 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | + | Pain intensity at 6 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | – | Pain intensity at 12 months | – | ||
| Kashikar-Zuck, et al. [33] | CBT vs. fibromyalgia education | NR | Pain coping | NR | Functional disability at 6 months | – |
| NR | Pain coping | NR | Depression at 6 months | – | ||
| NR | Pain catastrophizing | NR | Functional disability at 6 months | – | ||
| NR | Pain catastrophizing | NR | Depression at 6 months | – | ||
| NR | Coping efficacy | NR | Functional disability at 6 months | – | ||
| NR | Coping efficacy | NR | Depression at 6 months | – | ||
| Wicksell, et al. [30] | ACT vs. MDT + amitriptyline | + | Pain impairment beliefs | – | Pain interference at 3.5 months | – |
| + | Pain impairment beliefs | – | Pain interference at 7 months | – | ||
| + | Pain impairment beliefs | + | Depression at 3.5 months | + | ||
| + | Pain impairment beliefs | + | Depression at 7 months | + | ||
| + | Pain reactivity | + | Pain interference at 3.5 months | + | ||
| + | Pain reactivity | + | Pain interference at 7 months | + | ||
| + | Pain reactivity | + | Depression at 3.5 months | + | ||
| – | Pain reactivity | + | Depression at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Self-efficacy | – | Pain interference at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Self-efficacy | – | Pain interference at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Self-efficacy | – | Depression at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Self-efficacy | – | Depression at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Kinesiophobia | – | Pain interference at 3.5 months | –– | ||
| – | Kinesiophobia | – | Pain interference at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Kinesiophobia | – | Depression at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Kinesiophobia | – | Depression at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | – | Pain interference at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | – | Pain interference at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | – | Depression at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Pain catastrophizing | – | Depression at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Pain intensity | – | Pain interference at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Pain intensity | – | Pain interference at 7 months | – | ||
| – | Pain intensity | – | Depression at 3.5 months | – | ||
| – | Pain intensity | – | Depression at 7 months | – |
Statistical significance is defined as 95% confidence intervals that do not contain zero. Mediation models with a statistically significant indirect effect are shaded in grey. (+): Statistically significant association; (−): Statistically non-significant association; (NR): Not reported; ACT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; E, Exposure; GI, Gastrointestinal; M, Mediator; MDT, Multidisciplinary therapy; O, Outcome; SLCBT, Social-Learning Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.