Table 2.
The anti-inflammatory effects of Allium cepa and its constituents.
| Preparations | Doses | Model of study | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onion juice |
10 mg/kg | Sprague-Dawley rat pain model | Inhibition of pain induced by inflammation | Nasri et al. (2012) |
| Methanolic Ext, outer scales and bulb | 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg | Cerebral ischaemia model in Swiss albino mice | Reduction of infarct volume | Shri and Bora (2008) |
| methanol Ext, A. flavum | 0.5-12 mg/mL | Human cell lines | Reduction of COX-1 and 12-LOX | Simin et al. (2013) |
| Allicin | 5–20 mg/mL to >100 mM | Intestinal epithelial cells | Reduction of inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Allium cepa Ext | 1 mL/d for 14 days | Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity Sprague-Dawley model |
Inhibited COX and LOX pathways | Alpsoy et al. (2013) |
| Allium cepa Ext | 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg/d, 21 days | Asthma model in Wistar rat | Reduced total WBC and lung inflammatory cells | Marefati et al. (2018) |
| Aqueous peel Ext quercetin | 0.5 or 1% of OPE | STZ-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats | Suppressed hepatic expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 | Jung et al. (2011) |
| synthetic thiosulfinates, cepaene | 0.1-100 microM | Human granulocytes chemotaxy | Inhibition of chemotaxis of leukocytes | Dorsch et al. (1990) |
| Quercetin | 15 mg/d | Human study | Reduces the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio | Boots et al. (2011) |
| Quercetin | 2 or 10 mg/kg/day, Gavage, 10 weeks |
Zucker Rat | Reduction TNF-α | Rivera et al. (2008) |
| Quercetin | 2.5 and 5 µM | LPS-Induced Osteoclastogenesis in murine macrophage cells | Decreased NF-κB, increased IL-3 and IL-4 | Oliveira, Figueiredo et al. (2015) |
| Quercetin | 30 mg/kg | Asthma murine model | Reduced IL4,5 and 13 in BALF | Oliveira, Campos et al. (2015) |
| Allyl methyl disulphide | 0.5 and 1 mL/100 g bw/day | Human intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells | increase of IL-8/IP-10 suppression of the IL-8 mRNA |
Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Phenolic compounds | 0.125 and 0.5 mg/mL | J774A.1 mouse macrophage cells | Decreased COX-2 mRNA | Albishi et al. (2013) |
| Allicin | 5–20 mg/mL to >100 mM | Intestinal epithelial HT-29 and Caco-2 cells | Reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Synthetic thiosulfinates, and cepaene | 0.1-100 microM | Human granulocytes chemotaxy | Inhibition of chemotaxis of leukocytes | Dorsch et al. (1990) |
Ref.: References, NF-κB: Nuclear Factor beta, COX: Cyclooxygenase, LOX: lipoxygenase, TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factoralpha, IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta, bulf: bronco lung fluid, WBC: White blood cell, d: Day, Ext: Extract. COX: Cyclooxygenase, TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factoralpha, IL: Interleukin, Bulf: bronco lung fluid, d: Day.