Table 3.
The antioxidant effects of Allium cepa and its constituents.
| Preparations | Doses | Model of study | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential oil | 100 mg/kg/day, gavage | Nicotine-induced damages in Sprague–Dawley rats | Reduced LPO, increased SOD, CAT and GSH |
Helen et al. (2000) |
| Onion powder | 2 g/100 g body weigh/day, orally | Murine infected with Schistosoma mansoni | Reduced LPO, increased SOD, TrxR, SDH, GR |
Mantawy et al. (2012) |
| Aqueous | 1mL/day, orally | Doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats |
Reduced MDA, increased SOD, GSH and GPx | Mete et al. (2016) |
| Aqueous | 100 and 300 mg/kg/day, orally | Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits | Increased SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, reduced MDA content | Ogunmodede et al. (2011) |
| Aqueous | 1 mL/day, orally | Cadmium-induced renal dysfunction | Improveed plasma and tissue levels of SOD, CAT and MDA | Ige et al. (2009) |
| Aqueous | 0.5 and 1 mL/100 g bw/day, gavage | Cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats |
Reduced LPO and GST, increased SOD, CAT and GSH | Suru (2008) |
| Methanolic | 600 mg/kg/day, orally | Cyanide-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats | Reduced LPO and MDA, increased SOD, CAT and GSH | Ola-Mudathir and Maduagwu (2014) |
| Aqueous | 0.5 and 1 mL/100 g bw/day, gavage | Endogenous hepatic and renal antioxidant status in Wistar rats | Decreased MDA, increased GSH, GST, SOD and CAT | Suru and Ugwu (2015) |
| Onion juice | 3 mL/day, gavage | Escherichia coli induced testis and seminiferous tubules damage in Wistar rats | Enhanced total antioxidant capacity | Shahverdi et al. (2017) |
| Aqueous | 0.5 and 1 mL/100 g bw/day, gavage | Cadmium-induced prostate glands damage in Wistar rats | Reduced GST, increased SOD, CAT and GSH | Suru and Ugwu (2015) |
| Aqueous | 0.5 and 1 mL/100 g bw/day, gavage | Cadmium-induced sperm and testicular damage in Wistar rats | Reduced LPO, GST and MDA, increased SOD, CAT and GSH | Ola-Mudathir et al. (2008) |
| Onion juice | 0.175, 0.35, or 0.7 mg/mL in drinking water | Wistar rat model of asthma | Decreased NO2, NO3–, MDA, elevated SOD and CAT | Marefati et al. (2018) |
| Aqueous | 0.4 g/ mL/day, gavage | STZ-induced diabetic rats Wistar rats | Reduced lipid hydroperoxide and lipoperoxide | Campos et al. (2003) |
| Onion juice | 100 mL/day, orally | Subjects with mild hypercholesterolaemia | Increased total antioxidant capacity and extended time of LDL oxidation | Jain et al. (2018), Lu et al. (2015) |
| Onion juice | 100 mL/day, orally | Health subjects | Improved total antioxidant capacity, GSH and GR | Law et al. (2016) |
| Quercetin | 5 mg/kg | Hyperuricemic Wistar rats | Improved oxidative stress | Haidari et al. (2008) |
| Quercetin | 1–10 μM | Cortical neuronal cells | Protected cells from oxidative stress by inactivation of protein kinase C-ε | Lee and Jung (2016) |
| Quercetin | 100 mg/kg, orally | Paracetamol induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats | Inhibited free radicals | Mehta et al. (2012) |
| Quercetin oxidation metabolite (BZF) | 0.03 nanomolar | Indomethacin-induced damage in human Caco2 cells | Protected Caco2 cells against damage by antioxidant effect | Fuentes et al. (2020) |
| MAS | 200 mg/kg, gavage | Varicocele-induced Sprague-Dawley rats | Improved parameters of oxidative stress such as MDA, SOD and GPx | Karna et al. (2019) |
| Dihydroquercetin | 100 mg/kg, orally | CCl4- induced hepatitis in rat model | Hepatoprotective effect | Teselkin et al. (2000) |
| Polysaccharides | 0.5-2.0 mg/mL | In vitro study | ABTS radical scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, iron (Fe2+) chelating activity, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity | Ma et al. (2018) |
STZ: streptozocin; LPO: lipid peroxidation; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH: glutathione; TrxR: thioredoxin reductase; SDH: sorbitol dehydrogenase; GR: glutathione reductase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; NO2, nitrogen dioxide, NO3–: nitrate; BZF: 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxy-3(2H)-benzo-furanone; Caco2: colonic adenocarcinoma cell line; MAS: MAS: monotropein, Astragalin (kaempferol 3-O-glucoside) and spiraeoside; ABTS: azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.