Figure 3.

Effect of purified compounds on mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 in LPS-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The cells were pretreated with 50 µM karaviloside VI (2), karaviloside VIII (3), momordicoside L (4), momordicoside A (5), and charantoside XV (6) followed by LPS (1 μg/mL) stimulation. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 9) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test. Different letters within the same plot indicate the significant differences at p < 0.05.