Table 2.
Some in vivo experimental studies and clinical trials for exosomal cancer therapy.
| Exosomal Therapy | Type of Study | Mechanism | Cancer | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exosome delivery of anticancer drugs across BBB | In vivo (zebrafish model) | Cytotoxic effects | Brain | [147] |
| MSC-derived exosomes with KRAS G12D siRNA | Clinical trial | KRAS G12D signalling and cancer cell growth inhibition | Pancreatic with KRAS G12D mutation | [148] |
| Exosomes derived from curcumin-pretreated H1299 cells | Nude mice | TCF21 up-regulation | Lung cancer | [149] |
| imDCs exosomes fused to av integrin-specific IRG peptide loaded with DOX | In vivo (BALB/c nude mice) | Cytotoxic effects | Breast | [154] |
| Exo PTX | C57BL/6 mice injected with LL-M27 cells |
Cytotoxic effects | Lewis lung carcinoma pulmonary metastases | [155] |
| DEX loaded with MAGE cancer antigens |
Clinical trial | Immunotherapy | NSCLC | [156] |
| IFN-gamma dendritic cell-derived exosomes loaded with MHC class I- and class II-restricted cancer antigens | Clinical trial | Maintenance immunotherapy | NSCLC | [157] |
BBB: brain–blood barrier; imDCs: mouse immature dendritic cells; Exo PTX: exosomes derived from macrophages and loaded with paclitaxel; DOX: doxorubicin; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; DEX: dendritic cell-derived exosomes; KRAS: Kirsten Rat Sarcoma; IFN: interferon; MHC: major histocompatibility complex.