Table 4.

Health promoting activities of mango leaves.

Variety of Mango	Type of Extract	Bioactive Compounds Identified	Type of Cell Lines/Type of Study	Major Findings and Molecular Mechanisms of Action	References
Anti-cancer activities
Kent	Extract prepared by pressurized liquid extraction and enhanced solvent extraction	Homo-mangiferin, methyl gallate, gallotannins	MDA-MB-231, MCF7, MCF10	Leaf extracts with high concentration of homomangiferin and methyl gallate were found more effective against MDA-MB-231 cells, while gallotannins showed cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells at IC50 > 200 µg/ml	[41]
Okrong	Ethanol extract	Mangiferin	Lung fibroblast (ATCC CLS 300421,WI-38 VA-13 subline 2RA), skin fibroblast (ATCC CRL1947, CCD-986SK), colon adenocarcinoma (ATCC CCL227, SW 620), gastric carcinoma (ATCC HTB103, Kato-III), liver hepatoblastoma (ATCC HB8065, Hep-G2), bronchogenic carcinoma (ATCC HTB-168TB, Chago K-1), and ductal carcinoma (ATCC HTB20, BT474)	Leaf extracts showed potent cytotoxic activities at IC50 >200 µg/mL against all the cell lines	[42]
Anti-diabetic activities
Young leaves of Mangifera indica cv. Anwar Ratol were obtained from a private mango farm, Multan, Pakistan.	Hydro-alcoholic	Mangiferin, Phenolics, and flavonoids	In-vivo (Swiss albino mice with alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg i.p.) induced diabetes)	Administration of ML extract (550, 750, 950 mg/kg) significantly reduced the postprandial BGL, improved the lipid profile, body weight, and glucose tolerance, and also prevented the β-cells damage.	[49]
Leaves collected in Yuanjiang county, Yunnan province, China.	Distilled Water extract further subjected to chromatography over various columns	Two new benzophenone (Manindicins A & B) and two xanthones (Mangiferin & Norathyriol)	In-vitro	Norathyriol exhibited strong inhibition of α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 of 4.22 ± 0.19µg/mL, which was 4-fold lower than the commercial acarbose (16.28 ± 1.22 µg/mL).	[31]
Leaves collected from Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China	70% ethanol-water extract	Five benzophenones and seventeen flavonoids	In-vitro	Among all isolated compounds, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (IC50 76.69 ± 34.79 µg/mL) and quercetin (IC50 31.17 ± 5.06 µg/mL) displayed a stronger inhibition of α-glucosidase than acarbose (IC50 119.59 ± 6.00 µg/mL).	[30]
Leaves collected from Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China	70% ethanol-water extract	Benzophenone glycosides	In-vitro	Novel 2,4,4′,6-tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxybenzophenone-3-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (IC50 97.44 ± 20.29 µg/mL), arjunolic acid (IC50 117.09 ± 25.00 µg/mL), and actinidic acid (IC50 144.72 ± 8.12 µg/mL) displayed the potent α-glucosidase inhibitory	[87]
Leaves of Mangifera indica cv. Okrong collected in Thailand	Ethanol extract	Mango leaf extract and Mangiferin	In-vitro	MLE exhibited the inhibition of yeast α-glucosidase (IC50 50.3 µg/mL) > rat α-glucosidase (IC50 1452.8 µg/mL) > pancreatic α-amylase (IC50 2284 µg/mL). Mangiferin exhibited the inhibition of yeast α-glucosidase (IC50 581.3 µg/mL) > rat α-glucosidase (IC50 433.3 µg/mL) > pancreatic α-amylase (IC50 1048.5 µg/mL).	[42]
Tender and mature leaves of Mangifera indica cv. Totapuri collected from GKVK, Bangaluru.	70% Methanol	Tender and mature leaf extract (TLE and MLE)	In-vitro and in-vivo (Wister Albino rats)	Administration of TLE and MLE (500mg/kg body weight) showed potent inhibition α-amylase (IC50 22.01 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 21.03 µg/mL) respectively.	[52]
Antioxidant activity
Mango leaves extract	Supercritical process (CO2/methanol (50%) at 120 bar and 100 °C)	Polyphenols (iriflophenone, mangiferin, and gallic acid)	In vitro	Potent antioxidant (AAI = 3.28 ± 0.1 µg DPPH/µg extract).	[88]
Mango leaves extract	Water	Polyphenols (mangiferin)	In vivo	Stimulated concentrations of Catalase activity (CAT) (32.4 ± 1.9 U CAT mg Ptn−1) and (Total antioxidant capacity) TAC (0.27 ± 0.01 mM Trolox), nearly doubling the obese group (OB) and (non-obese group) CG values	[74]
Mango leaves extract	Water	Polyphenols	In vitro	IC90 values for DPPH and FRAP assay were 156.08 and 5.44 μg/mL, respectively, at 500 μg/mL concentration of extract	[48]
Antimicrobial activity
Mango leaves extract	Aqueous extract And Chloroform extract	Alkaloids, tannins, terpenoid, anthraquinones, reducing sugar, amino acid, flavonoids, steroid, saponins, cardiac glycosides, resin, phenols.	Manifestation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous and chloroform extracts against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus	The chloroform extract with high range of zone of inhibition (14–17 mm) manifested to have higher antibacterial property against the bacteria with respect to to aqueous extract.	[89]
Mango leaves extract	Ethanolic extract (50% and 100%) Hydroalcoholic extract (50% and 100%)	Polyphenols tannins, terpenoids	Estimation of antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538	50% and 100% ethanol extract—small zone of inhibition—21.4−24.3 ± 0.8 mm Hydroalcoholic extract (50% and 100%) with larger zone of inhibition 24.7 − 33.4 ± 1.2 mm, therefore higher antimicrobial activity than ethanol extract	[90]
Leaf Extract	Ethanolic extract	Alkaloids, anthranol, glycosides, saponins, triterpenes, phenol, flavonoids	Manifestation of antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract against Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Bacillus spp.	Ethanol extract showed no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and not so strong inhibitory effects against the other four organisms. The MIC ranges from 12.4 to 26 mg/mL with zones of inhibition ranges from 18 to 25 mm	[91]
Leaf Extract	Ethanolic extract	Polyphenols tannins, terpenoids	Estimation of antimicrobial activities of ethanolic leaf extracts of mango and its use in bio control of food spoilage microorganisms	Ethanolic extracts of mango leaves had the best MIC against E. coli (6.25 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (12.5 mg/mL) and S. aureus, L. casei and Listeria monocytogenes (25 mg/mL)	[92]
Hepatoprotective and anti-obesity activities
Young leaves of var. Ubá from Zona da Mata area, Brazil	water	Mangiferin	In-vivo (male Wistar rats, weight = 200 ± 50 g, age = 60 days, fed a high-fat diet)	Application of MLT (25 mL/day for 8 weeks) supressed the increase in weight, maintained lower levels oftriacylglycerols, alanine aminotransferase, and total cholesterol. Alters the gene expression, i.e., reduced expression of NF-κB p65 and activated PPARα expression, which exhibited hepatoprotective activity	[74]
Fresh leaves of mango cultivars were collected from Krishnagiri, India	Methanolic	3β-taraxerol	In-vitro pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibition assay for bioactivity guided fractionation (BAGF)	3β-taraxerol (IC50 value = 0.86 µg ml−1) exhibited hypocholesterol activity	[75]
Fresh leaves of Mangifera indica L. var. Sindoora were obtained from Krishnagiri, India	Methanolic	3β-taraxerol, mangiferin, and iriflophenone-3-C-β-glucoside	In-vivo Male albino Wistar rats	Application of MLE from 21th day to 42th day (90 mg/kg) under six weeks of study significantly reduces plasma triglycerides.	[77]
Fresh leaf samples of Mangifera indica L. var Ataulfo were obtained from San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico	Methanolic	Mangiferin	In-vivo Male Wistar rats (8-week-old)	Application of MLE (200 mg/kg) significantly reduces level of cholesterol and triglycerides and enhanced HDL level	[78]