Table 3. Association between electronic cigarette use and serum uric acid level among urinary cotinine-verified active smokers (n = 2,361).
| Never use | Ever use | Current use | P trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ||||
| Model 1a | 5.16(5.09,5.23) | 5.36(5.22,5.50) | 5.52(5.33,5.72) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | 5.24(5.16,5.31) | 5.38(5.24,5.52) | 5.56(5.36,5.76) | 0.001 |
| Model 3c | 5.29(5.18,5.39) | 5.44(5.29,5.59) | 5.62(5.41,5.83) | 0.001 |
| Men | ||||
| Model 1a | 5.82(5.73,5.90) | 5.99(5.85,6.14) | 6.15(5.95,6.35) | 0.001 |
| Model 2b | 5.83(5.74,5.91) | 5.96(5.82,6.09) | 6.12(5.92,6.32) | 0.008 |
| Model 3c | 5.83(5.0,5.96) | 5.97(5.81,6.13) | 6.14(5.92,6.37) | 0.004 |
| Women | ||||
| Model 1a | 4.50(4.38,4.61) | 4.74(4.42,5.05) | 5.00(4.49,5.51) | 0.030 |
| Model 2b | 4.57(4.45,4.69) | 4.81(4.50,5.12) | 5.12(4.58,5.65) | 0.024 |
| Model 3c | 4.69(4.52,4.87) | 4.95(4.63,5.27) | 5.17(4.66,5.68) | 0.020 |
Data were presented as estimated mean level with 95% confidence interval.
Ptrend was calculated using linear regression analysis with electronic cigarette smoking status as a continuous variable
a Model 1 was adjusted for age;
b Model 2 was additionally adjusted for body mass index and glomerular filtration rate;
c Model 3 was additionally adjusted for residence, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, blood pressure, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.