Table 5. Subgroup analysis of the associations between electronic cigarette use and hyperuricemia among urinary cotinine-verified active smokers (n = 2,361).
| Never use | Ever use | Current use | Ptrend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ||||
| Prevalence of hyperuricemia, % | 14.2 (0.9) | 19.2 (2.1) | 26.6 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Model 1a | Reference | 1.24 (0.90,1.71) | 1.94 (1.30,2.90) | 0.002 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 1.15 (0.82,1.60) | 1.86 (1.23,2.81) | 0.011 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 1.17 (0.83,1.65) | 1.96 (1.29,2.99) | 0.006 |
| Men | ||||
| Prevalence of hyperuricemia, % | 15.8 (1.1) | 20.2 (2.2) | 28.1 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Model 1a | Reference | 1.23 (0.88,1.73) | 1.90 (1.26,2.88) | 0.055 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 1.14 (0.81,1.62) | 1.78 (1.16,2.73) | 0.022 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 1.17 (0.82,1.67) | 1.91 (1.24,2.95) | 0.011 |
| Women | ||||
| Prevalence of hyperuricemia, % | 8.6 (1.6) | 8.2 (3.8) | 16.6 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Model 1a | Reference | 1.05 (0.34,3.22) | 2.40 (0.54,10.61) | 0.325 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 1.12 (0.35,3.62) | 3.48 (0.72,16.80) | 0.188 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 0.93 (0.25,3.42) | 2.94 (0.75,11.55) | 0.253 |
Data were presented as percentages with standard error or odds ratios with 95% confidence interval.
Ptrend was calculated using linear regression analysis with electronic cigarette smoking status as a continuous variable
a Model 1 was adjusted for age;
b Model 2 was additionally adjusted for body mass index and glomerular filtration rate;
c Model 3 was additionally adjusted for residence, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, blood pressure, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.