Table 2.

Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Pleural Effusion in MM Patients*

Characteristics	OR (95% CI)	P value
Newly diagnosed patients
Plasma cell proportion (>38.5% vs ≤38.5%)	1.373 (1.153–1.634)	0.009
Amyloidosis	1.791 (1.408–2.279)	0.024
Patients with relapse
Plasma cell proportion (>38.5% vs ≤38.5%)	1.853 (1.451–2.368)	0.038
Pneumonia	1.309 (1.143–1.498)	0.008
Presence of heart failure	1.815 (1.387–2.374)	0.031

Notes: *Variables in the logistic regression that did not have a significant independent association with the occurrence of pleural effusion in multiple myeloma patients: Age, Male, M-protein types, the International Staging System (ISS) stage, Durie-Salmon staging system (DS), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test: del(17), gain(1q21), t(4;14), t(14;16) and t(11;14), Presence of renal failure, History of tuberculous, Hypoproteinemia.

Abbreviations: MM, multiple myeloma; OR, odds ratio; Cl, confidence interval.