Figure 8.

Single-pulse vaccination campaigns are often more practical than those based on continual long-term supplemental direct vaccination. Single-pulse vaccination inoculates a fixed proportion of newborns (here, $\sigma =0.25$) with a transmissible vaccine for a short period of time after which direct vaccination efforts are halted. The population is then censused at a later date. The solid line represents the boundary between a net reduction in the prevalence of the pathogen and an increase. The dashed line shows a 1:1 balance between costs and benefits. The left panel shows the effect of the second antigen 365 days from the start of the vaccination campaign and the right after 2,000 days. Without the support of on-going direct vaccination, a more transmissible vector platform ($R_0^V=5$) and a lower mutation rate ($\mu =1\times {10}^{-5}$) was required in order to achieve results on a similar order as (Fig. 7).