Table 1.
Study results according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values.
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HbA1c (%), mean (SD or 95% CI) | Differences in HbA1c (%): mean (SD or 95% CI), P value | ||||
| Diabetes type and reference | Study groups | Baseline | Follow up | Within groups | Between groups | ||
| T2DM a |
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[50] | Intervention | 6.97 (0.69) | 6.79 (0.68) | NRb | N/Ac | |
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[51] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 6.86 (1.56); (B) 7.09 (1.51) | NR | (A) –0.40 (–0.67 to –0.14); (B) 0.036 (–0.23 to 0.30) | NR, P=.02 | |
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[52] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 8.1 (1.2); (B) 8.3 (1.6) | (A) 8.0 (1.6); (B) 8.2 (1.4) | NR | –0.08 (–0.37 to 0.2), P=.56 | |
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[53] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 6.2 (0.6); (B) 6.9 (0.7) | (A) 6.2 (0.7); (B) 7.0 (1.0) | NR | –0.9 (–1.5 to –0.2), P=.016 | |
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[54] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 7.10 (1.22); (B) 6.85 (0.93) | (A) 6.84 (0.63); (B) 8.10 (0.10) | (A) NR, P=.232; (B) NR, P<.001 | NR, P<.001 | |
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[55] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 7.7 (0.7); (B) 7.8 (0.7) | NR | (A) –0.4 (0.09); (B) –0.06 (0.1) | 0.35 (0.14 to 0.55), P<.001 | |
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[56] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 8.74 (1.34); (B) 8.18 (1.02) | (A) 7.64 (1.29); (B) 7.91 (0.88) | (A) –1.1, P<.001; (B) 0.27, P=.208 | NR, P=.005 | |
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[57] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 7.1 (1.0); (B) 7.0 (0.9) | (A) 6.7 (0.7); (B) 7.1 (1.1) | (A) –0.4; (B) 0.1 | NR, P=.015 | |
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[58] | (A) Usual care; (B) app only; (C) app + web portal; (D) app + web portal + decision support | (A) 9.2 (1.7); (B) 9.3 (1.8); (C) 9.0 (1.8); (D) 9.9 (2.1) | (A) 8.5 (1.8); (B)7.7 (1.0); (C) 7.9 (1.4); (D) 7.9 (1.7) | (A) –0.7 (–2.3 to –1.0); (B) –1.6 (–2.3 to –1.0); (C) –1.2 (–1.8 to –0.5); (D) –1.9 (–2.3 to –1.5) | A vs D: 1.2 (0.5 to 1.9), P<.001; A vs B: NR, P=.027; A vs C: NR, P=.40 | |
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[59] | (A) Usual care; (B) app; (C) app + HCPd support | (A) 8.4 (7.97 to 8.76); (B) 8.1 (7.72 to 8.53); (C) 8.1 (7.76 to 8.43) | (A) 8.2 (7.77 to 8.61); (B) 7.8 (7.48 to 8.15); (C) 8.0 (7.49 to 8.41) | (A) –0.16 (–0.50 to 0.18); (B) –0.31 (–0.67 to 0.05); (C) –0.15 (–0.58 to 0.29) | A vs. B: –0.22 (–0.75 to 0.32), P=.42; A vs C: 0.01 (–0.52 to 0.54), P=.097 | |
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[60] | (A) Usual care; (B) app; (C) education program; (D) app + education program | (A) 9.2 (1.6); (B) 9.3 (1.6); (C) 9.4 (1.7); (D) 9.2 (1.4) | NR | (A) –0.7; (B) –0.7; (C) –1.1; (D) –1.1 | NR, P=.771 | |
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[61] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 7.7 (0.7); (B) 7.7 (0.5) | (A) 7.5 (0.7); (B) 7.7 (0.7) | (A) NR, P=.077; (B) NR, P=.973 | NR | |
| T1DMe | |||||||
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[43]f | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 61 (57 to 65); (B) 62 (57 to 66) | (A) 63 (58 to 67); (B) 63 (57 to 69) | (A) 1 (–1 to 2); (B) 1 (–4 to 6) | –2 (–6 to 5) | |
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[45] | Intervention | 8.1 (7.5 to 9.0) | 7.8 (6.9 to 8.3) | NR, P<.001 | N/A | |
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[46] | Intervention | 7.9 | 7.6 | NR, P=.04 | N/A | |
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[47] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 9.08 (1.18); (B) 8.47 (0.86) | (A) 7.80 (0.75); (B) 8.58 (1.16) | (A) –1.10 (0.74), P<.001; (B) 0.07 (0.99), NSg | NR, P<.001 | |
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[48] | (A) Usual care; (B) app only; (C) app + teleconsultations | (A) 8.91 (0.90); (B) 9.19 (1.14); (C) 9.11 (1.14) | (A) 9.10 (1.16); (B) 8.63 (1.07); (C) 8.41 (1.04) | NR | A vs B: 0.67 (0.35 to 0.99), P<.001; A vs C: 0.91 (0.60 to 1.21), P<.001; B vs C: P>.05 | |
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[49] | Intervention | 7.6 (7.3 to 7.9) | NR | –0.33 (–0.77 to 0.11), P=.27 | N/A | |
| GDMh | |||||||
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[62] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 6.0 (0.4); (B) 5.9 (0.3) | (A) 4.7 (0.2); (B) 5.3 (0.3) | NR | NR, P<.001 | |
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[64] | (A) Intervention; (B) control | (A) 5.42 (0.34); (B) 5.39 (0.35) | NR | (A) 0.02/day; (B) 0.03/day | –0.01 (–0.05 to 0.03), NS | |
aT2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
bNR: not reported.
cN/A: not applicable.
dHCP: health care professional.
eT1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.
fHbA1c values in this study were reported in mmol/mol.
gNS: not significant.
hGDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.