Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, COVID-19-like patients and healthy controls.
| Characteristic | COVID-19 patients (N = 79) |
COVID-19-like patients (N = 30) |
Healthy controls (N = 78) |
p1 (COVID-19 vs. COVID-19-like) |
p2 (COVID-19 vs. HCs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics, n (%) | |||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 51 (38, 59) | 50.5 (37.5, 68.8) | 52 (44.3, 59) | 0.24 | 0.28 |
| Male sex | 47 (59.5%) | 11 (36.7%) | 38 (55.9%) | 0.03 | 0.18 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 19 (24.1%) | 6 (20%) | 0 | 0.65 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 11 (13.9%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver disease | 10 (12.7%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0 | 0.28 | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung diseasea | 4 (5.1%) | 2 (6.7) | 0 | 0.67 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac diseaseb | 5 (6.3%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| No comorbidity, n (%) | 48(60.7%) | 21(70%) | 78 | 0.38 | <0.001 |
| Disease severity | |||||
| Mild | 32 (40.5%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Severe | 47 (59.5%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Initial laboratory findings, median (IQR) | |||||
| Leukocyte count, 109/L | 6.4 (4.1, 10.1) | 7.1 (5, 10.2) | 6 (5, 6.8) | 0.14 | 0.005 |
| Neutrophil count, 109/L | 4.8 (2.8, 8.8) | 4.7 (3.1, 8.1) | 3.3 (2.6, 4.2) | 0.99 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count, 109/L | 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.2) | 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 11.6 (11.3, 12.1) | 12.1 (11.6, 13.6) | 11.1(10.7,11.3) | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Albumin, g/L | 39.1 (34.5, 43.7) | 40.2 (35.8, 43.7) | 45 (39.8, 48.2) | 0.81 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 22 (15, 40) | 17.5 (12.8, 32.3) | 17 (12, 24) | 0.27 | 0.002 |
| LDH, U/L | 229 (193, 323) | 192 (161, 228) | 185 (158, 204) | 0.67 | <0.001 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 20 (15, 23) | 16 (14, 22) | 14 (9, 17) | 0.21 | 0.007 |
| CRP, mg/L | 11.4 (3.6, 35.3) | 20.9 (1.3, 96.1) | 0.6 (0, 1.1) | 0.073 | <0.001 |
| IL-2, pg/mL | 0.95 (0.76, 1.65) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| IL-4, pg/mL | 1.77 (1.4, 1.77) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 15.21(5.67,34.26) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| IL-10, pg/mL | 3.64 (2.19, 7.16) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 17.65(6.55,64.08) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| IFN-γ, pg/mL | 8.95 (4.07, 24.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Treatment,- No. (%) | |||||
| Glucocorticoids | 45 (56.9%) | 0 | 0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Antibiotics | 8 (10.1%) | 6 (20%) | 0 | 0.20 | <0.001 |
| Antivirals | 67 (84.8%) | 6 (20%) | 0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Arbidol | 9 (11.4%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| LPV/RTV | 9 (11.4%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Arbidol and LPV/RTV | 49 (62%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: HC, healthy control; IQR, interquartile range; ALT, alanine transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; CRP, C-reactive protein; LPV/RTV, lopinavir and ritonavir; NA, not applicable.
a
Chronic lung disease includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease;
b
Cardiac disease includes congestive heart disease and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.