Table 2.
Residues of neonicotinoids and fipronil in environmental samples. Values indicate the range of concentrations (in ng/g or ng/L, depending on the matrix) and the frequency of detection (%)
| Matrix | Acetamiprid | Clothianidin | Dinotefuran | Imidacloprid | Guadipyr | Thiacloprid | Thiamethoxam | Fipronil | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dust (ng/g) | |||||||||
| Maize planting (Italy) | 0.4–905* | 11.9–2704* | 3.0–940* | 1.6–115* | Biocca et al. (2017) | ||||
| Urban dust (California, USA) | 1–6188** | Richards et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Maize planting (Canada) | 0.05–8.41** | Xue et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Corn fields (Canada) | 17.8–42.3 | 10.2–65.0 | Limay-Rios et al. (2016) | ||||||
| Soil and sediment (ng/g d.w.) | |||||||||
| Canola fields (Midwest USA) | 4.4–21.4 | Xu et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Cocoa plantation (Ghana) | 9.8–23.1 (10%) | 4.3–251 (54%) | Dankyi et al. (2014) | ||||||
| Corn field (Midwest USA) | 2.0–11.2 | de Perre et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Corn fields (Canada) | 0.16–0.2 | 4 ± 1.1 | Schaafsma et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Corn fields (Midwest USA) | 6.4–20.3 | Xu et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Cotton fields (China) | 40–650 | Wu et al. (2017) | |||||||
| Maize fields (Canada) | 2.9–5.1 (100%) | 0.3–1.8 (86%) | Limay-Rios et al. (2016) | ||||||
| Oilseed rape (UK) | 5.1–28.6 (100%) | 0.7–7.9 (100%) | < 0.01–0.2 (43%) | 0.5–9.7 (100%) | Botias et al. (2015) | ||||
| Rice fields (China) | 17–600 | Li et al. (2014) | |||||||
| Rice fields (Japan) | 50–280 | 10–90 | Boulange et al. (2016) | ||||||
| Rice fields (Japan) | 25–28 | Yokoyama et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Rice fields (Vietnam) | 9 | La et al. (2015) | |||||||
| River sediment (China) | 162 (62.5%) | 141 (87.5%) | Chen et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Several crops (Canada) | 5.6 ± 0.9 | Schaafsma et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Several crops (Central Europe) | 72–98 | Hilton et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Wheat field margins (UK) | 0.4–19.1 (100%) | < 0.07–6.3 (75%) | < 0.01–0.1 (25%) | < 0.04–0.5 (50%) | Botias et al. (2015) | ||||
| Water (ng/L) | |||||||||
| Arade river (Portugal) | 2.5–8.0 (100%) | Gonzalez-Rey et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Corn fields (Canada) | 2.28–43.6 (100%) | 1.12–16.5 (98%) | Schaafsma et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Drinking water (Iowa, USA) | 3.9–57.3 (100%) | 1.12–39.5 (100%) | 0.2–4.1 (100%) | Klarich et al. (2017) | |||||
| Ebro river (Spain) | 1.1–15.0 (45%) | Ccanccapa et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Forest streams (N Carolina, USA) | 29–379 (70%) | Benton et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Groundwater (Wisconsin, USA) | 210–3340 (20%) | 260–3340 (24%) | 200–8930 (55%) | Huseth and Groves (2014) | |||||
| Infiltration water (Midwest USA) | 10–203 | de Perre et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Llobregat river (Spain) | 2.1–66.5 (78%) | Masiá et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Mekong river (Vietnam) | 630–950 (4%) | 170–410 (83%) | Chau et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Pothole wetlands (Canada) | 310–3500 (98%) | 40–120 (48%) | 290–6900 (54%) | Evelsizer and Skopec (2016) | |||||
| Reservoir (Brazil) | < 0.7–3.0 (31%) | 1.1–2.0 (91%) | López-Doval et al. (2017) | ||||||
| Rice fields (China) | 9.6–166 | Li et al. (2014) | |||||||
| Rice fields (China) | 0.1–780 | Liu et al. (2014) | |||||||
| Rice fields (Japan) | 290,000–720,000 | Yokoyama et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Rice fields (Japan) | 5.0–30 | 1.3–2.5 | Boulange et al. (2016) | ||||||
| Rice fields (Vietnam) | 53–83 | La et al. (2015) | |||||||
| River (Japan) | 10,000 | Yokoyama et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Rivers (California, USA) | 30–13,800 (100%) | Sengupta et al. (2014) | |||||||
| Runoff water (Midwest USA) | <LOD–850 | de Perre et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Rural streams (Germany) | 2–20 (32%) | 20–44 (10%) | Münze et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Rural streams (Iowa, USA) | 8.2–257 (75%) | < 2–42.7 (23%) | < 2–185 (47%) | Hladik et al. (2014) | |||||
| San Francisco Bay (USA) | 13.5–1462 (80%) | 1.1–27.4 (81%) | Weston et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Soybean crops (Canada) | 3.0–40 (100%) | 3.0–1090 (100%) | Chrétien et al. (2017) | ||||||
| Stream (Brazil) | 1230–1580 (100%) | Rocha et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Streams (Indiana, USA) | 6–671 (96%) | 2–177 (90%) | 15–2568 (98%) | Miles et al. (2017) | |||||
| Streams (USA) | 1–40 (3%) | 34–64 (24%) | 4–134 (13%) | 5.7–143 (37%) | 7–190 (21%) | 0.1–10 (84%) | Bradley et al. (2017) | ||
| Streams (USA) | 2.5–45.6 (7.5%) | 1.7–62 (56%) | 1.6–4.1 (10%) | 2.1–65.9 (87%) | 5.6–35.9 (44%) | Hladik and Kolpin (2016) | |||
| Sugarbeet crops (Switzerland) | 1290 | 2830 | Wettstein et al. (2016) | ||||||
| Wetlands (Canada) | 0.6–54.4 (1.5%) | 59.7–3110 (76%) | 7.1–256 (12%) | 40.3–1490 (52%) | Main et al. (2015) | ||||
| WTP effluent (N Carolina, USA) | 10–500 (100%) | McMahen et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Plants (ng/g) | |||||||||
| Cotton seedlings | 48–646 | Wu et al. (2017) | |||||||
| Foliage (oilseed rape) | 1.3–8.7 (100%) | < 0.2–3.1 (2%) | < 0.1–2.6 (100%) | Botías et al. (2016) | |||||
| Guttation fluid (turfgrass) | 23–88 | Larson et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Guttation fluid (oilseed rape) | 10–132 | 3.2–12.9 | Reetz et al. (2016) | ||||||
| Nectar (canola) | 0.3–2.4 | Xu et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Nectar (clover) mowed | 6.2–18 | 8.4–26 | Larson et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Nectar (clover) sprayed | 2882–2992 | 5493–6588 | Larson et al. (2015) | ||||||
| Nectar (oilseed rape) | < 0.17–13.2 (31%) | < 0.03–1.2 (54%) | < 0.1–13.3 (54%) | Botias et al. (2015) | |||||
| Nectar (oilseed rape) | 6.7–16 | Rundlöf et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Nectar (oilseed rape) | 0.7–0.8 | Rolke et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Pollen (beans) | 0.2 ± 0.3 | David et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Pollen (corn) | 1.2–5.7 | Xu et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Pollen (oilseed rape) | 6.6–23 | Rundlöf et al. (2015) | |||||||
| Pollen (oilseed rape) | 0.5–0.97 | Rolke et al. (2016) | |||||||
| Pollen (oilseed rape) | < 0.12–14.5 (90%) | < 0.04–7.3 (86%) | 1.0–11.1 (100%) | Botias et al. (2015) | |||||
| Pollen (oilseed rape) | < 0.72–11 (73%) | < 0.22–78 (100%) | 2.4–11 (100%) | David et al. (2016) | |||||
| Pollen (raspberries) | 6.0 ± 5.9 | 9.4 ± 2.1 | 23 ± 38 | David et al. (2015) | |||||
| Pollen (strawberries) | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 5.4 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | David et al. (2015) | ||||
| Pollen (wildflowers) | < 0.36–1.1 (13%) | < 0.07–4 (63%) | < 0.12–21 (50%) | David et al. (2016) | |||||
| Pollen collected by honeybees | < 0.07 (4%) | < 0.72 (8%) | < 0.36–3.5 (12%) | < 0.07–10 (48%) | < 0.12–1.6 (64%) | David et al. (2016) | |||
| Pollen in apiaries—treated maize fields | 0.04–4.7 (28%) | 0.64–9.37 (22%) | 4.5 (3%) | 0.25 (3%) | 0.07–0.95 (22%) | Long and Krupke (2016) | |||
| Pollen in apiaries—nontreated land | 4.7 (3%) | 4.8–6.3 (10%) | 0.9–1.1 (7%) | 0.5–1.7 (10%) | Long and Krupke (2016) | ||||
*Units: microgram per cubic meter
**Total residues of parent compound and metabolites