Table 2:

Exosomes in virus infection pathogenesis

Virus	Exosome component	Functions	References
HIV	Nef	Susceptibility to infection, Apoptosis of CD4 cells	(Arenaccio et al., 2015; Lenassi et al., 2010)
HIV	CD81	Virus budding and spread, cholesterol metabolism	(Arenaccio et al., 2015; Grigorov et al., 2009)
HIV	C19MC miRNA	Resistance to virus infection	(Delorme-Axford et al., 2013)
HIV	HIF1α-lncRNA BACE-1AS long non-coding RNA	Neuropathogenesis	(Sil et al., 2020)
Zika virus	Viral RNA and protein	Virus spread to neighboring cells	(Zhou et al., 2019)
Zika virus	unknown	Endothelialitis and blood clots	(Martínez-Rojas et al., 2020)
EV-A71 (hand-foot-and-mouth disease)	Viral protein and nucleic acid	Virus spread	(Huang et al., 2020)
Rabies Virus	unknown	Virus spread	(Wang et al., 2019)
EBV	LMP1	Inhibit cytotoxic T cells Transformation of cells	(Dukers et al., 2000)
EBV	miRNA	Virus latency	(Cai et al., 2006)
KSHV	miRNA and others	IL6 production, cellular metabolism	(Chugh et al., 2013; Meckes et al., 2013)
HSV1	HLA-DR	Immune Evasion	(Temme et al., 2010)
HCV	Viral genome	Virus spread to neighboring cells	(Ramakrishnaiah et al., 2013b)
HTLV-1	Tax protein	IL6, TNFα production and immune cell recognition	(Jaworski et al., 2014)
Avian Influenza (H5N1)	miR-483–3P	Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells	(Maemura et al., 2020)