Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of combined hole/hydrogen therapy strategy and mechanisms with the NIR-activable Z-scheme SnS_1.68–WO_2.41 nanocatalyst.

Several main advances are achieved. (1) Advanced strategy of photocatalysis-mediated drug-free therapeutics is proposed. (2) Advanced Z-scheme SnS_1.68–WO_2.41 nanocatalyst is facilely constructed to achieve NIR-triggered efficient generation of highly oxidative holes and hydrogen molecules. (3) Advanced concept and mechanisms for combined hole/hydrogen therapy are proposed and uncovered. (4) Advanced therapeutic performances with drug-free and controllable generation of hydrogen and consumption of intratumoral over-expressed GSH are achieved by the nanocatalyst, realizing high biosafety and high efficacy of drug-free therapy.