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. 2021 Mar 1;11:4830. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84364-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BIS-11 sub-scales contribute equally to apathy and impulsivity. (a) The correlation matrix of the sub-scale scores of the UPPS-P, BIS-11 and AES questionnaires showed positive correlations only (Dataset 3, $n = 809$ complete observations). Significant pairwise correlations are shown in bold (Bonferroni-corrected). The black square highlights cross-questionnaire associations. (b) Factor decomposition (EFA) of this matrix uncovered dissociable, anti-correlated ( $r = - 0.51$ ), “Apathy” and “Impulsivity” factors. BIS-11 sub-scales contributed equally to both factors. (c) The network plot showed a characteristic isosceles clustering. More highly correlated (positively or negatively) appear closer together and are joined by stronger paths (non-significant paths removed). Paths are also coloured by their sign (red for positive and blue negative). Ellipses are drawn around the sub-scores included in a factor.