Table 1.

Polymeric controlled drug delivery devices organized by polymer class, duration of in vitro release, then duration of analgesia exhibited in vivo, if available.

Polymer class	Polymer system	Administration method	Analgesic/anesthetic	Max duration of in vitro release	Max duration of analgesia	Reference
Natural	Collagen	Cross-linked sponges	Piroxicam	10 h	N/A	144
	CARR and HA	Lyophilized wafer	Lidocaine and AgNPs	6 h	N/A	145
	Gelatin/alginate	Transdermal bioadhesive	Bupivacaine and Ibuprofen	3 Days	N/A	146
	HA-Drug conjugates	Subcutaneous injection	Morphine, Codeine, Naloxone	0.1–55 Days	N/A	89
Anhydrides	P(SA:RA)	Gel	Bupivacaine HCl	10 Days	30 h	147
	FAD-based poly(anhydride)	Cylindrical implant	Bupivacaine HCl	25 Days	N/A	106
	pSA	Nanoparticles	Ropivacaine HCl/Ropivacaine	1 Day/6 days	N/A	108
Ortho esters	POE IV	Viscous gel	Mepivacaine HCl	N/A	4 h	86
Esters	mPEG-PLGA	Hydrogels	Ketorlac	48 h	18 h	148
	PLGA-PEG-PLGA	Gels/microsphere	Bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine	9 Days	37 h	133
	Lipid-based PEG and PCL	Nanoparticles	Ropivacaine	6 Days	1.5 Days	149
	PELA	Nanoparticles	Ropivacaine	N/A	3 Days	150
	TDP-PEG	Injectable systems	Tetrodotoxin	30 Days	3 Days	151
	PET	Meshes	Ropivacaine	60 min (burst effects)	4 Days	152
	PLA/PLGA	Conjugated Nanoparticles	Fentanyl	10 Days	6 Days	153
	PLGA	Sheets	Lidocaine	2 Weeks	1 Week	154
	PLGA	Coated stainless steel implant	Ketorolac and lidocaine	30 Days	4 Weeks	155
	PCLA-PEG-PCLA	Injectable gel	Celecoxib	100 Days	4–8 Weeks	156
	PLGA	Microfluidic implant	Bupivacaine HCl	4–8 Days (media dependent)	N/A	157
	PEO/PVA-SA	Double-layer nanofiber scaffold	Gabapentin/acetaminophen	1 h/10 h	N/A	158
Amides	PNVCL	Thermosensitive gels	Acetamidophenol and etoricoxib	1 Day	1 Day	159
	PEA	Injectable microspheres	Celecoxib	80 Days	1 Weeka	58
	PNIPAM	Hydrogel	Buprenorphine	7 Days	N/A	160

CARR carrageenan, HA hyaluronic acid, SA sebacic acid, RA rineloic acid, FAD fatty acid dimer, POE poly ortho ester, PEG poly ethylene glycol, PLGA poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, PCL poly caprolactone, PELA poly ethylene oxide/poly lactic acid, TDP poly triol dicarboxylic acid-co-poly ethylene glycol, PET Polyethylene terephthalate, PLA poly lactic acid, PCLA polycaprolactone-co-lactide, PVA poly vinyl acetate, PNVCL Poly N-vinylcaprolactam, PEA poly ester amide, PNIPAM Poly N-isopropylacrylamide.

^aAnti-inflammatory response measured only, measured as production of PGE2 in rat model.