Table 5.

Demographic characteristics by the DASS-S, DASS-A, DASS-D, OHQ, and WFC.

Variable	DASS-S				DASS-A				DASS-D				Happiness				W-FC				F-WC
	M	±	SD	p	M	±	SD	p	M	±	SD	p	M	±	SD	p	M	±	SD	p	M	±	SD	p
Gender				0.748				0.276				0.418				0.370				0.443				0.826
Female	1.818	±	0.687		1.572	±	0.592		1.902	±	0.760		4.146	±	0.937		2.333	±	1.005		2.128	±	1.011
Male	1.853	±	0.658		1.642	±	0.631		1.911	±	0.731		4.183	±	0.890		2.315	±	0.995		2.121	±	1.012
Age				0.012				0.000				0.000				0.000				0.157				0.224
17–22	1.873	±	0.661		1.667	±	0.643		1.984	±	0.732		4.102	±	0.959		2.338	±	1.028		2.162	±	1.034
23–28	1.858	±	0.660		1.624	±	0.616		1.898	±	0.753		4.172	±	0.887		2.298	±	0.963		2.095	±	0.973
29–34	1.633	±	0.663		1.431	±	0.526		1.637	±	0.673		4.508	±	0.847		2.044	±	0.809		1.853	±	0.988
35>	1.647	±	0.647		1.377	±	0.415		1.500	±	0.543		4.590	±	0.955		2.473	±	1.028		2.167	±	1.053
Location				0.000				0.000				0.000				0.001				0.004				0.002
Central	1.917	±	0.679		1.667	±	0.656		1.989	±	0.748		4.024	±	0.884		2.239	±	0.947		2.059	±	0.959
Northern	1.679	±	0.601		1.437	±	0.520		1.736	±	0.681		4.354	±	0.907		2.137	±	0.946		1.961	±	1.050
East Coast	1.936	±	0.655		1.786	±	0.663		1.937	±	0.627		4.174	±	0.823		2.463	±	0.992		2.321	±	1.064
Southern	1.808	±	0.642		1.639	±	0.613		1.910	±	0.769		4.229	±	0.899		2.417	±	1.046		2.208	±	1.016
East Malaysia	1.713	±	0.682		1.386	±	0.439		1.681	±	0.704		4.383	±	1.036		2.284	±	0.933		1.891	±	0.939
University type				0.020				0.001				0.466				0.096				0.044				0.275
Public	1.801	±	0.641		1.609	±	0.598		1.887	±	0.731		4.239	±	0.909		2.377	±	1.017		2.154		1.014
Private	1.962	±	0.708		1.676	±	0.679		1.976	±	0.753		3.998	±	0.863		2.173	±	0.933		2.043		1.000
Residence				0.369				0.350				0.306				0.802				0.390				0.490
In campus	1.895	±	0.695		1.669	±	0.661		2.031	±	0.743		4.095	±	0.940		2.238	±	0.973		2.062	±	1.013
Outside campus	1.905	±	0.698		1.604	±	0.634		1.967	±	0.789		4.112	±	0.875		2.411	±	1.006		2.222	±	1.020
Hometown	1.818	±	0.651		1.620	±	0.610		1.865	±	0.722		4.203	±	0.896		2.326	±	1.009		2.108	±	1.019
Others	1.801	±	0.616		1.624	±	0.616		1.863	±	0.699		4.261	±	0.929		2.197	±	0.910		2.115	±	0.912
Study level				0.304				0.091				0.799				0.129				0.625				0.156
Diploma	1.838	±	0.648		1.641	±	0.610		1.928	±	0.742		4.144	±	0.894		2.174	±	0.944		1.980	±	1.027
Bachelor	1.854	±	0.664		1.646	±	0.642		1.928	±	0.733		4.381	±	0.912		2.334	±	1.012		2.149	±	1.022
Master	1.825	±	0.672		1.511	±	0.522		1.798	±	0.796		4.325	±	0.946		2.313	±	0.899		2.002	±	0.938
Ph.D.	1.733	±	0.670		1.464	±	0.509		1.670	±	0.597		3.990	±	0.841		2.388	±	1.065		2.276	±	1.067
Others	1.870	±	0.709		1.630	±	0.498		2.080	±	0.847		4.144	±	0.894		2.156	±	0.865		1.980	±	0.664
Risk to contagion				0.277				0.030				0.680				0.162				0.651				0.459
High	1.835	±	0.668		1.608	±	0.619		1.907	±	0.743		4.152	±	0.914		2.303	±	0.988		2.101		0.995
Moderate	1.909	±	0.626		1.765	±	0.654		1.920	±	0.697		4.254	±	0.821		2.389	±	1.012		2.225		1.043
Low	1.741	±	0.570		1.561	±	0.580		1.821	±	0.725		4.356	±	0.868		2.271	±	0.964		2.082		1.122
Field of study				0.296				0.806				0.128				0.081				0.219				0.304
Technical	1.873	±	0.696		1.618	±	0.643		1.955	±	0.768		4.120	±	0.916		2.310	±	1.018		2.118		0.994
Non-technical	1.831	±	0.642		1.631	±	0.609		1.883	±	0.718		4.201	±	0.893		2.337	±	0.987		2.135		1.026
Not specified	1.631	±	0.680		1.529	±	0.631		1.643	±	0.606		4.594	±	0.729		1.871	±	0.687		1.714		0.825
Ethnicity				0.002				0.313				0.209				0.000				0.004				0.008
Malay	1.827	±	0.647		1.666	±	0.631		1.914	±	0.737		2.275	±	0.941		2.376	±	1.009		2.173		1.030
Chinese	1.859	±	0.708		1.433	±	0.554		1.823	±	0.705		2.162	±	0.875		2.245	±	0.951		2.078		0.971
Indian	1.830	±	0.616		1.455	±	0.495		1.823	±	0.702		1.811	±	0.721		1.915	±	0.806		1.706		0.725
Others	1.988	±	0.762		1.638	±	0.643		2.042	±	0.800		2.064	±	0.931		2.152	±	0.989		1.976		0.982

All significant results are marked with bold text (p < 0.05).