Table 1.
Affinitive, aggressive, and (possible) anxiety behaviors considered in this study [integrated or modified from Bolhuis et al. (71), Petersen et al. (72), and Stolba and Wood Gush (73), Giersing and Andersson, (74); Jensen, (75); Sekiguchi and Koketsu, (76)].
| Behavioral pattern | Description |
|---|---|
| AFFINITIVE BEHAVIORS (Figure 1) | |
| Rest in contact | Two subjects sit or lay in contact with one another |
| Social touching | A subject touches another with a paw or other body parts, except nose/head |
| Nose-body contact | A subject makes contact with another with its nose (via pushing or touching). For the purpose of this study, this also includes when the subjects touch each other's nose |
| Head-over | A subject puts its head above the back of another individual, followed by rest in contact or body contact |
| Nosing-body | Two subjects sniff each other on head, genitals, nose, and/or other body parts |
| AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS | |
| Aggressive lifting | A subject attempts to displace another by lifting or levering it with snout or head |
| Aggressive biting | A subject opens its mouth and close its teeth tight on another subject's small piece of flesh, including tail |
| Aggressive mounting | A subject force another individual to move away by rising upon the rear of another subject |
| Aggressive kicking | A subjects projects of one or both hind limbs toward another subject, striking it |
| Aggressive pushing | A subject presses its head, neck, shoulder, or body against another subject, causing the other individual to move. |
| Aggressive chasing | A subject pursues another subject, which flees |
| Aggressive head-knocking | A subject lurches or jerks its head hitting another subject |
| Fighting | Two subjects mutually push one another in a head to head orientation. The pattern often involve body-to-body rotation and can include aggressive mounting, lifting, biting, attempt biting, kicking, chasing, pushing, head knocking, high pitched vocalization, with no interruption lasting more than 10 s. |
| DISPLACEMENT ACTIVITIES | |
| Body scratching/rubbing | A subject uses its legs or a substrate (e.g., tree trunk) to rub part of its body |
| Vacuum-chewing | A subject chews with empty mouth |
| Head/body shaking | A subject vigorously shakes its head and/or body (not following wallowing or similar behavior) |
| Yawning | A subject performs deep, long inhalation with open mouth |