Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population based on the presence or absence of MetS.
| Parameters | Premenopausal women | Postmenopausal women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 3,951) | Non-MetS (n = 3,629) | MetS (n = 322) | P value | Total (n = 1,945) | Non-MetS (n = 1,602) | MetS (n = 343) | P value | |
| Age, yr | 40.99 ± 6.98 | 40.74 ± 6.89 | 43.86 ± 7.27 | < 0.001 | 53.29 ± 6.01*** | 52.88 ± 5.90 | 55.17 ± 6.14 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 57.74 ± 9.05 | 56.81 ± 8.34 | 68.15 ± 10.16 | < 0.001 | 57.73 ± 7.73 | 56.58 ± 7.41 | 63.12 ± 6.89 | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 115.48 ± 13.27 | 114.22 ± 12.42 | 129.72 ± 14.27 | < 0.001 | 121.91 ± 14.97*** | 119.72 ± 14.22 | 132.19 ± 14.14 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 70.37 ± 10.00 | 69.48 ± 9.48 | 80.38 ± 10.24 | < 0.001 | 74.20 ± 10.74*** | 72.85 ± 10.51 | 80.51 ± 9.48 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.61 ± 3.37 | 22.23 ± 3.07 | 26.88 ± 3.61 | < 0.001 | 23.32 ± 2.89*** | 22.83 ± 2.72 | 25.57 ± 2.55 | < 0.001 |
| WC, cm | 79.09 ± 8.56 | 78.14 ± 7.89 | 89.86 ± 8.48 | < 0.001 | 80.56 ± 7.50*** | 79.28 ± 7.14 | 86.51 ± 6.14 | < 0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 87.73 ± 14.70 | 86.25 ± 10.78 | 104.35 ± 32.31 | < 0.001 | 92.54 ± 16.84*** | 90.09 ± 13.32 | 103.97 ± 24.94 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.41 ± 0.59 | 5.35 ± 0.43 | 6.03 ± 1.32 | < 0.001 | 5.63 ± 0.66*** | 5.55 ± 0.51 | 6.01 ± 1.04 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.12 ± 0.88 | 1.01 ± 0.69 | 2.37 ± 1.61 | < 0.001 | 1.14 ± 0.94 | 0.98 ± 0.73 | 1.95 ± 1.33 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 193.19 ± 34.20 | 192.04 ± 33.61 | 206.11 ± 37.93 | < 0.001 | 215.06 ± 37.54*** | 213.79 ± 36.23 | 220.99 ± 42.75 | 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 87.33 ±58.75 | 79.05 ± 40.17 | 180.63 ± 121.33 | < 0.001 | 101.49 ± 59.95*** | 88.27 ± 39.56 | 163.25 ± 91.97 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 65.57 ± 15.40 | 67.15 ± 14.74 | 47.79 ± 10.86 | 0.001 | 64.06 ± 15.59*** | 66.72 ± 14.88 | 51.62 ± 12.52 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 120.23 ± 31.77 | 118.64 ± 31.20 | 138.23 ± 32.63 | < 0.001 | 142.23 ± 35.68*** | 140.36 ± 34.53 | 150.97 ± 39.51 | < 0.001 |
| ALP, IU/L | 59.95 ± 17.10 | 59.09 ± 16.71 | 69.64 ± 18.43 | < 0.001 | 79.97 ± 23.02*** | 78.45 ± 22.53 | 87.07 ± 23.95 | < 0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.93 ± 2.71 | 0.85 ± 2.68 | 1.76 ± 2.92 | < 0.001 | 1.01 ± 2.56 | 0.97 ± 2.71 | 1.18 ± 1.71 | 0.179 |
| UA, mg/dL | 4.18 ± 0.93 | 4.13 ± 0.90 | 4.82 ± 1.12 | < 0.001 | 4.38 ± 0.97*** | 4.29 ± 0.92 | 4.79 ± 1.08 | < 0.001 |
| Osteocalcin, ng/mL | 14.04 ± 5.13 | 14.12 ± 5.11 | 13.17 ± 5.20 | 0.002 | 20.21 ± 7.69*** | 20.34 ± 7.79 | 19.62 ± 7.18 | 0.117 |
| HTN medication, Yes | 115 (2.93) | 75 (2.07) | 40 (12.42) | < 0.001 | 214 (11.24)*** | 109 (6.80) | 105 (30.61) | < 0.001 |
| DM medication, Yes | 40 (1.01) | 17 (0.47) | 23 (7.14) | < 0.001 | 55 (2.83)*** | 27 (1.69) | 28 (8.16) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
MetS = metabolic syndrome, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, TC = total cholesterol, TG = triglyceride, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALP = alkaline phosphatase, hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein, UA = uric acid, HTN = hypertension, DM = diabetes mellitus.
***P < 0.001 vs. premenopausal women: analyzed using independent t-tests for continuous variables and Pearson χ2 tests for categorical variables.