Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of SEED and WESDR participants.
| Characteristics | SEED N = 1221 |
WESDR N = 703 |
|---|---|---|
| Incident DKD, n (%) | 144 (11.8) | 96 (14) |
| Any Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 287 (23.5) | 349 (50) |
| Retinal arteriolar calibre (CRAE, µm), mean (SD) | 143 (14.8) | 155.4 (14.18) |
| Retinal venular calibre (CRVE, µm), mean (SD) | 212.2 (21.4) | 236.2 (24.48) |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 617 (50.5) | 311 (44) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.1 (8.6) | 63.6 (10.86) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| Chinese | 306 (25.1) | NA |
| Indian | 570 (46.7) | NA |
| Malay | 345 (28.3) | NA |
| Education level, n (%)* | ||
| Category 1 | 721 (59) | 296 (42) |
| Category 2 | 430 (35.2) | 406 (58) |
| Category 3 | 70 (5.7) | – |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27 (4.7) | 29.5 (5.85) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||
| Never smoked | 870 (71.3) | 384 (55) |
| Current smoker | 172 (14.1) | 101 (14) |
| Past smoker | 179 (14.7) | 218 (31) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 140.9 (19.4) | 143.9 (20.96) |
| Blood glycosylated haemoglobin (%), mean (SD) | 7.7 (1.6)& | 9.5 (1.96)$ |
| Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 5.8 (7.5) | 10.3 (7.45) |
| Baseline level of eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2), mean (SD) | 89.8 (14.1) | NA |
| Hypertensive treatment, n (%) | 582 (47.7) | 322 (46) |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 161 (13.2) | 141 (20) |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.1 (1.1) | NA |
*WESDR: category 1 = grade 1 up to diploma, category 2 = degree and above; SEED: category 1 = no formal education or primary education only, category 2 = O/N/A levels, category 3 = university education.
&HbA1c; $ total glycosylated haemoglobin.