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. 2021 Mar 1;11:4907. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84039-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of the particular bone graft and the bone paste on monocyte/macrophage polarization. (a) mRNA expression in human monocytes cultured in the presence of GM-CSF or M-CSF for 3 days in contact with the particular bone graft or the bone paste. The Y-axis represents the mean relative mRNA expression level of the specified genes (N = 3). Representative immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent stainings on successive undecalcified 7-µm thick sections, (b) in the GBR model after 7 weeks, and (c) in the CSD model after 3 and 7 weeks. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed for CD68, iNOS, CD163, and immunofluorescence with double labeling of CD68 (green)/CD163 (red) and DAPI (blue) for the nuclei. For single labeling, positive cells were stained with a brown precipitate (black arrow), for double labeling, double-positive cells appeared as light yellow (white arrow). Typical auto fluorescent red blood cells were visible (white stars). Scale bars: 100 µm for the immunohistochemistry, 50 µm for the immunofluorescence images.