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. 2020 May 25;42(1):45–54. doi: 10.1038/s41401-020-0407-5

Fig. 4. Effects of the daily administration of 0 °C IW on insulin signaling pathways.

Fig. 4

After the wild-type C57BL/6 mice (W, n = 5) and APP/PS1 mice (AD model, A, n = 4) were administered intragastric water (IW, 10 mL/kg, 2 times/day) at either 0 °C (the W-0 °C and A-0 °C groups) or 25 °C (the W-25 °C and A-25 °C groups) for 35 consecutive days, the concentration of insulin (a) and mRNA levels of PI3K (b) and Akt (c) were measured. Then, Western blotting was used to further examine the protein expression and phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt (d–h). The protein expression of PI3K (upper row) and Akt (lower row) under the conditions in e and f was further examined by immunohistochemistry (i) to confirm the findings observed by Western blot analysis. Mean ± SEM; W-25 °C and W-0 °C, n = 5; A-25 °C and A-0 °C, n = 4; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.