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. 2021 Mar 1;11:4819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84526-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of different lithium concentrations on BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. (A) Characteristics of BMSCs. Results of immunofluores- cence labeling of third-generation bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells showed positive CD29 (A), CD44 (B), CD90 (C) and CD271 (D), and negative CD11b (E) and CD45 (F). (B) The multiplication time of BMSCs in the medium containing lithium salts of different concentration gradients, compared with the control group *P < 0.05; (C) Optical density (OD) of BMSCs cultured in osteogenic medium containing lithium salts of different concentration gradients for 21 days in ALP staining, compared with the control group *P < 0.05. (D) Expression of osteocalcin after BMSCs were cultured in osteogenic medium containing lithium salts of different concentration gradients for 21 days, compared with control group *P < 0.05. (E) ALP expression of BMSCs cultured in osteogenic medium containing lithium salts of different concentration gradients for 21 days compared with control group *P < 0.05.Three fields of view were taken for each group, and the data were plotted in the format of mean ± standard deviation.