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. 2021 Mar 1;11:4819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84526-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Lithium induces osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating Wnt signaling pathway. (A) Bone BMSCs were positively stained with ALP after 14 days of culture in osteogenic medium (magnification: 400 times). (B) The number of ALP positive staining of BMSCs increased significantly after 14 days of cultivation in osteogenic medium containing LiCl (12 mM) (magnification factor: 400 times). (C) DKK1 significantly inhibits the osteoblast differentiation (magnification: 400 times); (D) LiCl was added to the medium and ALP positive staining were increased again (magnification factor: 400). (E) The results of statistical analysis of the optical density of ALP positive staining in the four groups were: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with the control group. (F) Expression multiplication of marker gene RUNX2 in Wnt signaling pathway was detected by RT-PCR, *P < 0.01 compared with the control group. (A) BMSCs were positive for oil red O staining after 14 days of culture in adipogenic medium, forming characteristic red lipid droplets (magnification: 400 times). (B) The number of lipid droplets formed by BMSCs cocultured with LiCl decreased significantly (magnification: 400 times). (C) DKK1 significantly increases lipid droplet formation (magnification: 400 times). (D) LiCl was added to the medium and a small amount of lipid droplets could be observed (magnification: 400 times). (E) Statistical analysis results of optical density values of lipid droplets in each group, *P < 0.01 compared with the control group. (F) mRNA expression of PPARG was detected by RT-PCR, *P < 0.01 compared with the control group. Three fields of view were taken for each group, and the data were plotted in the format of mean ± standard deviation.