Table 3.
Pooled analysis of Odds Ratios (ORs) regarding the association between opium consumption and cancer.
| Cancer type | No. of Studies | Pooled Sample Size | Heterogeneity |
Fixed-effects model analysis |
Random effects model analysis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | I[2] | Effect size(95% CI) | Two-tailed test |
Effect size(95% CI) | Two-tailed test |
|||||
| Z-value | p-value | Z-value | p-value | |||||||
| Pooled odds ratios of Minimally adjusted studies | ||||||||||
| Bladder | 10 | 4274 | 0•003 | 64•39 | 4•94 (4•04–6•05) | 15•52 | <0•001 | 5•15 (3•58–7•39) | 8•88 | <0•001 |
| Larynx | 4 | 4220 | <0•001 | 92•99 | 11•46 (9•17–14•32) | 21•47 | <0•001 | 8•41 (2•73–25•93) | 3•71 | <0•001 |
| Lung | 3 | 1679 | 0•002 | 83•86 | 3•69 (2•78–4•91) | 8•98 | <0•001 | 4•19 (2•03–8•65) | 3•87 | <0•001 |
| Oral cavity | 3 | 4860 | <0•001 | 91•85 | 1•76 (1•3–2•38) | 3•67 | <0•001 | 2•6 (0•74–9•05) | 1•50 | 0•135 |
| Esophagus | 4 | 1399 | 0•518 | 0•00 | 1•98 (1•52–2•58) | 5•02 | <0•001 | 1•98 (1•52–2•58) | 5•02 | <0•001 |
| Stomach | 2 | 1189 | 0•023 | 80•59 | 3•12 (2•49–3•91) | 9•90 | <0•001 | 3•02 (1•80–5•06) | 4•19 | <0•001 |
| Colon | 2 | 705 | 0•588 | 0•00 | 4•03 (2•5–6•52) | 5•70 | <0•001 | 4•03 (2•50–6•52) | 5•70 | <0•001 |
| Colorectal | 2 | 1005 | 0•743 | 0•00 | 4•04 (2•67–6•11) | 6•60 | <0•001 | 4•04 (2•67–6•11) | 6•60 | <0•001 |
| UGI | 6 | 2588 | 0•016 | 64•30 | 2•58 (2•17–3•06) | 10•80 | <0•001 | 2•42 (1•76–3•34) | 5•42 | <0•001 |
| GI | 8 | 3593 | 0•012 | 60•99 | 2•75 (2•35–3•23) | 12•51 | <0•001 | 2•72 (2•06–3•60) | 7•06 | <0•001 |
| Respiratory | 7 | 5899 | <0•001 | 93•54 | 7•46 (6•26–8•90) | 22•45 | <0•001 | 6•22 (2•90–13•33) | 4•70 | <0•001 |
| Head and Neck | 6 | 6184 | 0•003 | 71•76 | 5•19 (4•42–6•08) | 20•19 | <0•001 | 5•19 (3•32–8•11) | 7•23 | <0•001 |
| Aerodigestive tract | 13 | 8910 | <0.001 | 82.79 | 3.95 (3.49–4.47) | 21.82 | <0.001 | 3.73 (2.64–5.28) | 7.44 | <0.001 |
| Overall | 27 | 15,889 | <0•001 | 76•30 | 4•02 (3•65–4•43) | 28•33 | <0•001 | 4•14 (3•32–5•15) | 12•71 | <0•001 |
| Pooled odds ratios of Fully adjusted studies | ||||||||||
| Bladder | 4 | 2640 | 0•254 | 26•26 | 4•07 (3•24–5•11) | 12•12 | <0•001 | 3•83 (2•73–5•38) | 7•75 | <0•001 |
| Larynx | 5 | 4580 | 0•144 | 41•63 | 8•31 (6•4–10•79) | 15•89 | <0•001 | 9•58 (6•31–14•53) | 10•62 | <0•001 |
| Lung | 1 | 420 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Oral cavity | 1 | 3319 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Esophagus | 1 | 871 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Stomach | 2 | 1189 | 0•936 | 0•00 | 3•06 (2•07–4•53) | 5•59 | <0•001 | 3•06 (2•07–4•53) | 5•59 | <0•001 |
| Colon | 2 | 705 | 0•928 | 0•00 | 5•58 (3•14–9•92) | 5•86 | <0•001 | 5•58 (3•14–9•92) | 5•86 | <0•001 |
| Colorectal | 2 | 1005 | 0•993 | 0•00 | 4•49 (2•81–7•16) | 6•30 | <0•001 | 4•49 (2•81–7•16) | 6•30 | <0•001 |
| UGI | 3 | 2060 | 0•296 | 17•75 | 2•44 (1•86–3•18) | 6•53 | <0•001 | 2•48 (1•83–3•35) | 5•89 | <0•001 |
| GI | 7 | 4035 | 0•072 | 48•25 | 2•8 (2•27–3•45) | 9•61 | <0•001 | 3•03 (2•23–4•12) | 7•08 | <0•001 |
| Respiratory | 6 | 5000 | 0•209 | 30•15 | 8•18 (6•34–10•55) | 16•16 | <0•001 | 9•02 (6•27–12•96) | 11•87 | <0•001 |
| Head and Neck | 5 | 5003 | <0•001 | 82•00 | 4•99 (4•06–6•13) | 15•32 | <0•001 | 8•03 (4•03–16•00) | 5•92 | <0•001 |
| Aerodigestive tract | 7 | 6294 | <0.001 | 85.36 | 4.04 (3.38–4.82) | 15.46 | <0.001 | 6.04 (3.39–10.77) | 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Overall | 17 | 12,257 | <0•001 | 69•80 | 3•91 (3•46–4•42) | 21•87 | <0•001 | 4•35 (3•36–5•62) | 11•21 | <0•001 |
UGI: Upper gastrointestinal; GI: Gastrointestinal.