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. 2021 Mar 1;11:4905. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84417-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Similar age-group connectivity changes between N2 and wakefulness and between N2 and N1 sleep stage transition. This graph represents changes in functional connectivity between the clusters (two-way directionality) obtained from the data-driven parcellation (circles with numbers) shared by young and older individuals between N2 and wake (left side) and N2 and N1 (right side). Significant connectivity decreases (blue lines) were mostly observed whereas one connectivity increase (red line) was significant between N2 and wake. The seven Yeo’s large-scale networks partitioning the brain are presented with different colors: the default-mode network (DMN); the sensorimotor network (SMN); the dorsal attentional network (DAT); the ventral attentional network (VAT); the frontoparietal network (FPN); the limbic network (LIM) and the visual network (VIS). Clusters of the inferior and superior cerebellum (cer) and the thalamus/basal ganglia (Th/bg) were also added (see Fig. 2 for details on the subdivision of clusters).