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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 2.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Mol Med. 2019 Nov 22;26(1):21–39. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.10.007

Figure 5. Signaling elements linking ATP production, mitochondrial quality control and Brain/Neuronal/Heart failure.

Figure 5.

Cellular activity controls ATP production and mitochondrial quality control (green boxes) through Ca2+ signaling. Excessive [Ca2+]m and stress-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (red arrows) appear to damage mitochondria which can lead to manifestations of functional failure of heart and neuronal tissues with positive feedback amplification. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).