Table 1.
Cysteine metabolism-related players in cancer.
| Enzymes | Cancer-related alterations | Refs. |
|---|---|---|
| Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) | ||
| ↑ CDO: | ||
| - Good prognosis | 70 | |
| - Bad prognosis | 76 | |
| - ROS production | 71 | |
| - Toxicity | 70 | |
| - ↓ OXPHOS | 76 | |
| - Ferroptosis inhibition | 75 | |
| ↓ CDO: | ||
| - Poor prognosis | 71,74 | |
| - Drug resistance | 71 | |
| Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) | ||
| ↑ CBS: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 58,60,56-61 | |
| - ↓ ROS production | 58,109,153 | |
| - ↑ OXPHOS | 58,109,153 | |
| - ↑ Proliferation | 170 | |
| - ↑ Migration | 170 | |
| - ↑ Angiogenesis | 156-159 | |
| - Ferroptosis inhibition | 85,171 | |
| Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) | ||
| ↑ CSE: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 54,55,57,59,61 | |
| - ↑ Angiogenesis | 156-159 | |
| - Apoptosis inhibition | 168 | |
| 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (3-MST) | ||
| ↑ 3-MST: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 57,59,61 | |
| - ↑ OXPHOS | 114,147,148 | |
| Cysteine desulphurase (NFS1) | ||
| ↑ NFS1: | ||
| - Ferroptosis inhibition | 138,140 | |
| ↓ NFS1: | ||
| - Chemoresistance | 138 | |
| Sulphide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) | ||
| ↑ SQR: | ||
| - Hypoxia related | 154 | |
| ↓ SQR: | ||
| - ↓ OXPHOS | 114,148 | |
| Transporters | Cancer-related alterations | Refs. |
| Alanine-serine-cysteine transporters 1 (ASCT1; SLC1A4) | ||
| ↑ ASCT1: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 35,38,39,41-43 | |
| - ↑ Glutamine metabolism | 41-43 | |
| Alanine-serine-cysteine transporters 2 (ASCT2; SLC1A5) | ||
| ↑ ASCT2: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 35,38,39,41-43 | |
| - ↑ Glutamine metabolism | 41-43 | |
| Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3; SLC1A1) | ||
| ↑ EAAT3: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 35,38,39 | |
| - Chemoresistance | 38 | |
| Neutral and basic amino acid transporter (RBAT; SLC3A1) | ||
| ↑ RBAT: | ||
| - ↓ ROS | 33 | |
| - ↑ Cancer cell survival | 33 | |
| xc− transport system (xCT; SLC7A11) | ||
| ↑ xCT: | ||
| - Cancer malignancy | 25-27,180 | |
| - Chemoresistance | 7,236 | |
| - ↓ ROS | 7 | |
| - Ferroptosis inhibition | 217,218,221 | |
| ↓ xCT: | ||
| - TSP activation | 29,32 | |
Presentation of the association between the expression and activity of enzymes and transporters and cancer metabolic alterations and disease progression.