Fig. 1. Schematic illustrating the design of imNAs and their potential to improve antibody-based cancer immunotherapy.

a An anti-IgG (Fc specific) antibody (αFc) was oxidized and oriented conjugated onto the surface of nanoparticle to form an antibody immobilization platform (αFc-NP). b Two types of immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target effector cells and tumor cells could be immobilized onto αFc-NP after gentle mixing via Fc recognition. The constructed formulations could serve as immunomodulating nano-adaptors (imNAs) as they potentially associate with effector cells and tumor cells simultaneously and bridge them together like an ‘adaptor’ while maintaining the immunomodulatory properties of the parental mAbs. c The versatility of αFc-NP and superiority of imNAs were validated in T cell-, natural killer cell- and macrophage-mediated antitumor immune responses in multiple murine tumor models.