a IVIS imaging depicting the accumulation of imNAαPD1 & αPDL1 in 4T1 tumors. b Quantification of mAb accumulation in tumor tissues. Data are presented as means ± s.d. n = 3 biologically independent mice. Statistical significance was calculated via two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. c Engagement of 4T1-GFP tumor cells and CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues. Scale bars, 200 mm. d Experimental protocol for the B16-F10 melanoma model used in e–g, the equivalent injection dose of αPD1 and αPDL1 was 2.5 mg/kg. Individual (e), and average (f) tumor growth curves of B16-F10 tumors in different groups. Data are presented as means ± s.d. n = 10 biologically independent mice. g The abundance of CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues at the end of treatment. Data are presented as means ± s.d. n = 6-7 biologically independent mice (IgG control: n = 7; other groups: n = 6). Flow cytometry to evaluate the percentages of granzyme-secreting (h), IFN-γ-secreting (i), and IL-2-secreting CTLs (j) in melanoma tumors. Data are presented as means ± s.d. n = 5–7 biologically independent mice. For h, imNAαPD1 & αPDL1: n = 5, other groups: n = 6; for i, IgG control: n = 7, FreeαPD1 & αPDL1: n = 6, other groups, n = 5; for j, IgG control: n = 7, other groups, n = 6. k Experimental protocol for the 4T1 breast cancer model used in l–m. l Individual tumor growth curves. m Tumor growth rates are shown in (l) at 24 days post-inoculation. Data are presented as means ± s.d. n = 10–12 biologically independent mice (IgG control: n = 12; other groups: n = 10). n Experimental protocol for the lung metastatic breast cancer model used in o–q. o In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of pulmonary metastases in mice at 16 days post-injection. p Ex vivo BLI of pulmonary metastases. q Tumor nodules on the lung tissues. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. n = 5 biologically independent mice. Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post-hoc test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.