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. 2021 Mar 1;11:4816. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84352-0

Table 2.

Correlations between inflammatory cytokines, CRP, and various substances among persons living with HIV, RADAR, Chicago, 2015–2017.

Variable CRP IL-15 MIP-1a MIP-1b IFN-γ IL-10 IL-1β IL-6 TNF-α
BMI 0.14 − 0.06 0.09 − 0.03 0.002 − 0.05 − 0.03 0.02 − 0.01
Tobacco use1 0.07 − 0.01 − 0.03 0.01 − 0.05 − 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.005
Self-reported substance use2
Marijuana 0.02 0.06 − 0.04 − 0.04 − 0.02 − 0.02 0.01 − 0.11 − 0.04
Poppers 0.01 0.08 − 0.08 0.01 0.09 − 0.06 0.01 0.0002 0.03
Cocaine/crack − 0.04 0.08 − 0.001 − 0.03 − 0.06 − 0.07 0.10 − 0.02 0.05
Ecstasy 0.04 − 0.02 0.07 0.09 − 0.03 0.02 0.06 − 0.03 0.11
Psychedelics 0.22** − 0.05 − 0.002 0.50*** − 0.02 0.49*** 0.01 0.11 0.15*
Other drug use3 0.02 0.02 − 0.06 0.03 − 0.001 − 0.06 0.13 0.03 0.02
Urine drug screen positive4
Marijuana 0.04 0.12 − 0.02 − 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.03
Cocaine/crack − 0.03 0.02 0.005 0.03 − 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.18*
Ecstasy/MDMA 0.13 − 0.10 − 0.03 0.14* − 0.06 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.05
Other drug use5 0.06 − 0.08 − 0.07 − 0.02 0.02 − 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.17*
AUDIT score6 − 0.05 0.12 − 0.05 − 0.06 − 0.04 − 0.04 − 0.02 − 0.02 − 0.04
CUDIT score6 0.03 0.002 − 0.002 − 0.04 0.06 − 0.02 0.18* − 0.08 0.04
Rectal gonorrhea 0.08 − 0.07 0.03 0.07 − 0.003 0.20** − 0.05 0.09 0.22**
Rectal chlamydia 0.10 0.08 0.14 0.02 0.12 0.12 − 0.03 0.16* 0.20**
Undetectable HIV viral load 0.03 0.06 0.03 − 0.07 0.21* 0.14 − 0.07 0.12 0.15
CRP — − 0.08 0.09 0.37*** 0.46*** 0.49*** 0.12 0.59*** 0.44***

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

1In the past 30 days.

2In the past six months, only those self-reported use ≥ 4%.

3Substance with < 4% self-reported use in the sample: methamphetamines, synthetic marijuana, ketamine, GHB, inhalants, heroin.

4Note: urine drug screens unavailable for poppers and psychedelics.

5Other urine drug screens include: benzodiazepines, amphetamines, methamphetamines, opiates.

6Based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) scoring methods; higher score indicates higher risk alcohol use.