Table 3.

Electrochemical diagnostics methods based on antibodies as recognition element for detection of viral infectious diseases.

S NO	Virus	Recognition Matrix	Method	Concentration Range	LOD	Ref
1	HAV	Carbon nanopowder paste electrode/antibody labeled with peroxidase	Chronoamperometry	2 × 10−4 – 5 × 10−3 IU. mL−1	26 × 10−5 IU mL−1	Mandli et al. (2017)
2	HPV	Au peptide (SPINNTKPHEAR) linked to a 6-aminohexanoic (Ahx) residue and ferrocene (Fc)	Chronoamperometry	0.010–0.020 μg L−1	0.010 μg L−1	Valencia et al. (2016)
3	HPV	GCE/anti HPV-16-L1:anti-HPV complex	SWV	-	0.1 nmol dm−3	Piro et al. (2011)
4	HPV	SCPGE/DNA	SWV	0–5 ng mL−1	0.3 ng mL−1	Zari et al. (2009)
5	HBV	Graphene paste electrode|Au NPs/Nafion-cysteine/Antibody	DPV	0.5–200 ng mL−1	0.01 ng mL−1	Huang et al. (2012)
6	HBV	SPCE/Graphene Oxide/Fe3O4/Prussian Blue Nanocomposites/Antibody	DPV	0.5 pg mL−1 - 200 ng mL−1	0.166 pg mL−1	Wei et al. (2020)
7	HBV	SPCE/EDC NHS/Antibody	EIS	5–3000 ng mL−1	2.1 ng mL−1	Akkapinyo et al. (2020)
8	HIV, HCV	Electrochemical microfluidic paper-based immunosensor array	Voltammetry	-	300 pg mL−1 and 750 pg mL−1	Zhao and Liu (2016)
9	HIV-1	Single-molecule transistor (SiMoT) SiO2 FET/Antibody	FET	1 to 1 × 107 zM	30 × 10−21 M	Macchia et al. (2020)
10	HIV-1	SPGE/Antibody	EIS	0–105 copies mL−1	1.7 copies mL−1	Baek et al. (2019)
11	Zika	Interdigitated micro-electrode of gold (IDE-Au) array/ZIKV specific envelop protein antibody	EIS	10 pM - 1 nM	10 pM	Kaushik et al. (2018)
12	Zika	ZnO nanostructures immobilized with ZIKV-NS1 antibody on Printed Circuit Board (PCB)	CV	0.1–100 ng mL−1.	1.00 pg mL−1	Faria and Mazon (2019)
13	Zika	Paper microchips with printed electrodes/Pt NPs/Antibody	Conductivity	101-105 particle μL−1	101 particle μL−1 of ZIKV in PBS	Draz et al. (2018)
14	Zika virus specific antibodies	SPCE/antigen ZIKV-derived proteins	EIS, SWV		17 fg mL−1 of non-structural protein 1 and 53 fg mL−1 of domain III envelope protein	Cabral-Miranda et al. (2018)
15	Dengue type 2 virus (DENV-2)	Nanoporous alumina-modified platinum electrode/Antibody	DPV	1 - 103 PFU mL−1	1 PFU mL−1	Cheng et al. (2012)
16	Dengue	SPCE/Bovine serum Albumin (BSA) Nanostructured antibody	EIS	1–200 ng mL−1	0.3 ng mL−1	Nawaz et al. (2018)
17	Rotavirus	GCE Au sononanoparticles (AuSNPs)/Antibody	EIS	4.6 to 4.6 × 104 PFU mL−1	2.3 PFU mL−1	Attar et al. (2016)
18	Rotavirus	Micropatterned reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor (MRGO-FET)/Antibody	FET	10 - 105 PFU mL−1	102 PFU mL−1	Liu et al. (2013)
19	Avian Influenza H9N2	MBs, Antibody horseradish peroxidase–streptavidin conjugate (HRP-SA)	DPV	1–600 ng mL−1	10 pg mL−1	Zhou et al. (2013)
20	Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E	Immunosensor array Au NPs	Potentiometry	1.0–350 ng mL−1	0.5, 0.3, 0.8, 0.5, and 1.0 ng mL−1	Tang et al. (2010)
				0.8–350 ng mL−1, 1.5–350 ng mL−1
				1.0–350 ng mL−1 and 1.5–350 ng mL−1
21	SARS	In2O3 nanowire Antibody mimic proteins	Voltammetry	–	44 μM	Ishikawa et al. (2009)
22	Japanese encephalitis virus	Interdigitated electrodes by sputtering Ti and Pt on thermally thick silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer	Potentiometry	1–10 μg mL−1	0.75 μg mL−1	Huy et al. (2011)
23	MERS COVID H COV	Immunosensor Au NPs carbon electrodes	SWV	0.001–100 ng mL−1 and 0.01–10,000 ng mL−1	1.04 pg mL−1 and 0.4 pg mL−1	Layqah and Eissa (2019)
24	Rotavirus	Graphene oxide (GO) film from 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxy succinimide ester (PSE)/Antibody	CV	103 - 105 PFU mL−1	103 PFU mL−1	F. Liu et al. (2011)
25	E. coli bacteriophage (MS2)	Nanoporous oxirane-derivatized beads/Antibody	Chronoamperometry	10 and 1010 PFU mL−1	10 PFU mL−1	Braustein and Braustein (2014)
26	Influenza A	SPCE/monoclonal antibody	EIS	0.18 fM - 0.18 nM	0.79 fM	Dunajová et al. (2020)
27	Human EV 71	GCE/Poly (o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) Au NPs/Antibody	CV	0.1–80 ng mL−1	0.04 ng mL−1	Kong et al. (2013)
28	Dengue	Au/anti-NS1	EIS, ECS	10 − 2000 ng mL−1 5.0–1000 ng mL−1	0.5 ng mL−1	Cecchetto et al. (2017)
29	Herpes virus type 1	GCE/Antibody	EIS	10 - 50 TCID50 mL−1	0.66 TCID50 mL−1	Garcia et al. (2020)