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. 2021 Feb 16;11:616157. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.616157

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Copyright © 2021 Aleidi, Dahabiyeh, Gu, Al Dubayee, Alshahrani, Benabdelkamel, Mujammami, Li, Aljada and Abdel Rahman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Significant metabolites that are common between obese and lean cohorts (A) Volcano plot pf obese vs. OT2DMMet groups from the obese cohort shows the significantly changed metabolites. A total of 109 metabolites (G109) were significant, (G61) down-regulated after metformin administration in obese diabetic patients compared to obese non-diabetic participants, the fold change and FDR-adjusted p-value at the cutoffs were 1.5 and <0.05, respectively (B) Volcano plot of lean healthy vs. LT2DMMet groups from the lean cohort shows that a total of 222 metabolites (G222) were significant between compared groups, where (G114) were up regulated and (G108) were down regulated after metformin administration in lean non-obese diabetic patients compared to healthy lean, with fold change and FDR adjusted p-value at the cut-off 1.5 and 0.05, respectively, (C, D) Venn diagrams demonstrate the exclusion of the confounders-based metabolites from G61 and G48, where the metabolites were reduced to G51 and G30, respectively (E) Venn diagram shows that 12 metabolites are common between obese and lean non-obese cohort using moderate t-Test.