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. 2020 Dec 7;175(3):1–8. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5155

Table 1. Coding Category, Lyric Description, and Examples.

Coding category Lyric description Example lyric
Mental health reference
Anxiety or anxious thinking Worry, nervousness, or unease, often due to an imminent event or uncertain outcome “What’s takin’ so long? I’m getting’ anxious…”
Depression or depressive thinking Depression causing sadness and/or loss of interest in activities once enjoyed “Went through deep depression when my mama passed…”
Metaphor Reference to struggling with or generally lacking mental stability (asymptomatic) “Pushed me to the edge so it ain’t my motherf*ckin’ fault…”
Suicide or suicidal ideation Reference to taking own life “Suicide if you ever try to let go…”
Stressor known to relate to mental health
Authority Oppressive institution or authority figures (eg, police, landlord, justice/prison system) “When the man wit’ the badge come…”
Environmental conditions Living conditions with direct everyday effects “Don’t get caught without one, coming from where I’m from…”
Faith God or other religious or spiritual figure, or specific faith or religion “’Cause when the Jesus pieces can’t bring me peace…”
Family life Reference to family member or relation by blood (eg, children, parent, uncle, cousin) “Like I needed my father, but he needed a needle…”
Financial strain Finances or money “Rob and I steal, not ‘cause I want to ‘cause I have to…”
Love life Significant other, love interest, or sexual partner “Can’t take back the love that I gave you…”
Social ally (friend) Close friend, not romantic or blood-related “Where your real friends at?...”
Social rival (foe) Perceived social rival, foe, or enemy “Lost my respect, you not a threat…”
Societal issues Society-level issues including the economy, war, and poverty “My heart to Japan, quake losers and survivors…”
Work life Job, career, industry, work superiors, subordinates, competition, or coworkers “This f*ckin’ industry is cutthroat…”