Table 1.
Summary of preclinical vaccine studies for prevention of Pneumocystis infection.
| Antigen | Animal Model |
Dose Route Adjuvant |
Immunosuppression Method | Protective? | Efficacy Readout (Result) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated whole organism |
Murine | 106 trophs IN Cholera toxin B |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Partial | i. Stained lung smears (no organisms present) ii. PCR (positive for mitochondrial rRNA) |
[99] |
| Murine | 107 organisms IT None |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Partial | i. Stained lung smears (decreased organism burden) | [100] | |
| Murine | 107 nuclei IT None |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Yes | i. Stained lung smears (no organisms present) ii. PCR (negative for glycoprotein A and mitochondrial rRNA) |
[53] | |
| Murine | 106 cysts IT None |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Yes | i. Stained lung smears (no organisms present) | [101] | |
| gpa (Msg) | Murine | 10-10 µg IT Quil A |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | No | i. Stained lung smears (organisms present) | [102] |
| Rat | 1-100 µg SubQ Titermax |
Methylprednisolone | Partial | ii. Stained lung smears and sections (Decrease in organism burden) | [109] | |
| p55 | Rat | 100 µg SubQ Titermax |
Methylprednisolone | Partial | i. Stained lung smears and (Decrease in organism burden) | [112] |
| Rat | 100 µg IM None |
Dexamethasone | Partial | i. Stained lung sections (Decrease in organism burden) ii. PCR (Positive for p55) |
[114] | |
| Murine | 104 Pc-pulsed DCs IV None |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Partial | i. Stained lung sections (no organisms present) ii. PCR (Positive for mitochondrial rRNA) |
[115] | |
| A12 (Pca1) | Murine | 25 µg SubQ Titermax |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Partial | i. PCR (10/14 mice negative for single-copy kex1 gene) ii. PCR (Positive for gpA gene) |
[117] |
| Murine | 100 µg SubQ Titermax |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Partial | i. PCR (Positive for single-copy kex1 gene) ii. PCR (negative for multicopy gpA gene) |
[118] | |
| SPD1 | Murine | 5 µg SubQ MF-59 |
CD4 T-cell depletion via mAb | Partial | i. PCR (reduction in mitochondrial rRNA copy number) | [128] |
| Kexin | Rhesus macaques |
50-100 µg IM Alum |
Simian immunodeficiency virus | Partial | Criteria for PCP (1/6 animals developed PCP): i. BAL smears (detection of organism in BAL fluid) ii. PCR (PCR of organism DNA in BAL) iii. Immunohistochemistry (organism detection in lungs) |
[121] |
| IN—intranasal, IT—intratracheal, SubQ—subcutaneous, IM—intramuscular | ||||||